Abstract
Batteries have become an integral part of everyday life-from small coin cells to batteries for mobile phones, as well as batteries for electric vehicles and an increasing number of stationary energy storage applications. There is a large variety of standardized battery sizes (e.g., the familiar AA-battery or AAA-battery). Interestingly, all these battery systems are based on a huge number of different cell chemistries depending on the application and the corresponding requirements. There is not one single battery type fulfilling all demands for all imaginable applications. One battery class that has been gaining significant interest in recent years is polymer-based batteries. These batteries utilize organic materials as the active parts within the electrodes without utilizing metals (and their compounds) as the redox-active materials. Such polymer-based batteries feature a number of interesting properties, like high power densities and flexible batteries fabrication, among many more.
Highlights
Within this context, the utilization of renewable energy is gaining increasing to batteries for mobile phones, as well as batteries for electric vehicles and an interest
Polymer-based batteries can be defined as batteries, in which redox-active polymers are used as active materials for either of the respective electrode, cathode, or anode
The combination of two electrodes based on polymeric active materials can lead to full-polymeric batteries[17,33]—one of the polymers can be oxidized and one can be reduced during the charge process
Summary
The research on polymer-based batteries has made several scientific borrowings. One important milestone was the discovery of conductive polymers in the late 1970s, leading to the award of the Nobel Prize to the laureates Heeger, Shirakawa, and MacDiarmid, which constituted the ever-growing field of conductive π-conjugated polymers.[22]. Voltage differences of ≈1 V are not uncommon, hampering the utilization of such batteries in potential applications The solution to this problem is obviously the utilization of polymers with well-defined and nonconjugated redox moieties, which provide a redox potential that is nearly independent from the charge state. These materials will lose the good electric conductivity of their conjugated counter parts. Polymers featuring stable TEMPO radicals as the side groups were introduced as cathode materials.[31] These distinct redox-active, radical-based moieties led to the term organic radical battery (ORB). It should be mentioned that Nishide was a postdoc with Manecke—a circle closes
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