Polyherbal Green-Synthesised Silver Nanoparticle Gel: In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and In Vivo Wound Healing Efficacy Using Mimosa pudica and Tribulus terrestris Extracts

Background: Methylprednisolone causes a delay in dental extraction wound healing.There are finite data for the effect of Aloe Vera gel and silver nanoparticles gel on tooth socket healing in methylprednisolone treated Albino rats.Purpose: To evaluate the topical effect of using Aloe Vera gel versus silver nanoparticles gel on socket healing in methylprednisolone treated Albino rats.Materials and Methods: Adult male Albino rats were divided into three groups.Group I (control group); Subgroup A and Subgroup B: received intramuscular injection of sterile normal saline and methylprednisolone acetate (0.2 mg/kg, 3 times/ week for 5 weeks) respectively.After this period, lower right first molars were extracted.Group II and Group III were as group IB while, the sockets were filled with 92% Aloe Vera and silver nanoparticles gel respectively.Rats were sacrificed at day 7 and day 14.Rats' sockets were processed for histological and scanning electron microscopic examination.Results: Group IB showed a delay in socket healing.Group II showed the socket was filled with osteoid matrix at day 7. Then the socket was nearly filled with thick intercommunicating lamellar bone trabeculae with wide bone marrow spaces at day 14.Surprisingly, Group III revealed thin intercommunicating woven bone spicules at day 7.At day 14, the socket became nearly obliterated with thick intercommunicating bone trabeculae with formation of numerous primary osteons with small bone marrow spaces.Conclusion: MP had a marked osteoporotic effect on rat mandible and delayed the socket healing process.Aloe Vera gel and AgNps gel improved the socket healing in MP treated Albino rats.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Curcuma longa L. and coating on the cotton fabrics for antimicrobial applications and wound healing activity

Therapeutic use of nano-silver is claimed to have reduced side effects and enhanced curative activity as compared to its ionic counterpart (silver ions). The present work aims to screen microbes for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), to formulate the nano-silver-based Carbopol gel and evaluating its wound healing efficacy on rat model. The goal was to develop the topical formulation based on bio-nano-silver to control the infection and healing the wounds with higher efficacy. Procedure involved the use of Saccharomyces boulardii for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the size range of 3–10 nm and these nanoparticles were used for the preparation of Carbopol-based nano-silver gel. Highly stable Carbopol nanogel was developed with good rheological properties. The burn wound healing potential of this nano-silver gel was evaluated on SD rats via visual observation, transepidermal water loss and histology of skin. Excellent wound healing was observed with AgNPs. Biologically synthesized AgNPs-based nano-silver gel showed superior wound healing efficacy as compared to marketed formulations and silver ions.

Background Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional glycoprotein known for its roles in immune modulation, iron metabolism, and antimicrobial activity, has limited therapeutic efficacy due to poor bioavailability. Liposomal encapsulation of lactoferrin (LLf) offers a potential solution by improving its stability, absorption, and sustained release, making it a promising candidate for various clinical applications. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of LLf and plain Lf in cellular uptake, proliferation, and wound healing using HEK-293T and Caco-2 cell lines. Methods Cell uptake, proliferation, and wound healing assays were conducted using HEK-293T and Caco-2 cells to evaluate the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of LLf compared to plain Lf. The cellular uptake was assessed over a 24-h period using an indirect ELISA method. Cell proliferation was measured using the MTT assay, while wound healing was evaluated using a scratch assay to observe cell migration over 48 h. Results LLf demonstrated significantly higher cellular uptake in both HEK-293T and Caco-2 cells, with peak internalization at 4 h, compared to plain Lf. In proliferation studies, LLf showed a dose-dependent increase in cell growth, achieving a 71% proliferation rate at 75 µg/mL, while plain Lf reached only 53%. LLf also accelerated wound healing, with nearly complete closure by 48 h, compared to 51.3% closure with plain Lf. Conclusion The results indicate that liposomal encapsulation significantly enhances lactoferrin’s bioavailability, proliferation-inducing capacity, and wound healing efficacy. LLf’s superior performance in these key areas suggests its potential for broader therapeutic applications, particularly in wound care, immune modulation, and tissue regeneration. Future clinical studies are warranted to validate the therapeutic benefits of LLf in vivo.

One of the promising ways to improve wound healing is the creation and wider introduction into clinical practice of natural ointments with pronounced anti-inflammatory and reparative properties, which are able to provide a complex therapeutic effect on treating skin wounds. The aim of the study is to determine the wound-healing and reparative effect of ointment with Tribulus terrestris L. extract in experimental wound damage to the skin in rats. Materials and methods. In experiments on 80 non-linear white rats of both sexes, it was analyzed the comparative wound-healing and reparative effect of an ointment based on the extract of Tribulus terrestris L., which was created at the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy of the Odesa National Medical University, and the comparison drug – methyluracil ointment. The comparative wound-healing effect of ointments was studied on the model of an aseptic planar skin wound in rats and evaluated by the planimetric method. The reparative effect of ointments was studied on a model of an aseptic linear incised skin wound and evaluated by the strength of the scar formed during wound healing in rats using the wound tensiometry method. Treatment was carried out by daily one-time application of ointments to the wound surface using an open method. Results. The property of an ointment based on the extract of Tribulus terrestris L. to shorten the healing time of an aseptic planar skin wound in rats by 1.5–2.0 times was established. In addition, it was shown that in terms of the expressiveness of the wound-healing effect in all terms of the experiment, the ointment under study is not inferior to the comparison drug – methyluracil ointment. In the model of aseptic linear incised skin wound in rats, ointment based on Tribulus terrestris L. extract is superior to methyluracil ointment in terms of reparative activity. The established therapeutic effect of the ointment based on the extract of Tribulus terrestris L. opens up prospects for creating a new ointment based on it for the effective treatment of wound processes of the skin of various genesis.

In this study, nanocomposite hydrogels composed of sodium carboxymethylated starch (CMS)-containing CuO nanoparticles (CMS@CuO) were synthesized and used as experimental wound healing materials. The hydrogels were fabricated by a solution-casting technique using citric acid as a crosslinking agent. They were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate their physicochemical properties. In addition, swelling, antibacterial activities, antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, and in vivo wound healing were investigated to evaluate the wound healing potential of the CMS@CuO nanocomposite hydrogels. Growth inhibition of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, antioxidant activity, and swelling were observed in the CMS@CuO nanocomposite hydrogels containing 2 wt.% and 4 wt.% CuO nanoparticles. The hydrogel containing 2 wt.% CuO nanoparticles displayed low toxicity to human fibroblasts and exhibited good biocompatibility. Wounds created in rats and treated with the CMS@2%CuO nanocomposite hydrogel healed within 13 days, whereas wounds were still present when treated for the same time-period with CMS only. The impact of antibacterial and antioxidant activities on accelerating wound healing could be ascribed to the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the nanocomposite hydrogel. Incorporation of CuO nanoparticles in the hydrogel improved its antibacterial properties, antioxidant activity, and degree of swelling. The present nanocomposite hydrogel has the potential to be used clinically as a novel wound healing material.

A bio-inspired approach of formulation and evaluation of Aegle marmelos fruit extract mediated silver nanoparticle gel and comparison of its antibacterial activity with antiseptic cream

Introduction: Wounds result from the disruption of cellular and anatomical continuity in living tissues due to external factors. Calotropis gigantea, also known as crown flower or giant milkweed (or "biduri" in Indonesia), is a small tree or shrub with white or purple flowers, widely used in traditional remedies. Its properties, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and wound-healing activities, have prompted this literature review to assess its efficacy in wound healing. Method: A thorough analysis of scientific findings and research conducted in the last 10 years, specifically after January 1, 2014, was undertaken. Data were collected from reputable databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. After applying publication limitations, three manuscripts were selected as the final outcomes of the review process. Result: The analysis of multiple studies reveals that C. gigantea possesses wound healing properties attributed to phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponin. These constituents play vital roles in each stage of wound healing, including the inflammatory reaction, proliferation, and remodeling stages. Additionally, C. gigantea promotes wound healing, leaving minimal scar residues. Conclusion: Calotropis gigantea has demonstrated its ability to enhance wound healing through various mechanisms, including astringency, antibacterial activity, promotion of homeostasis, facilitation of collagen synthesis, enhancement of re-epithelialization, and stimulation of cell proliferation via its phytochemical constituents. However, due to the scarcity of recent studies, the plant's true efficacy in wound healing remains unclear.

In both developed and developing countries, food and consumption habits have led us to a dead end where most of the population suffers alterations in metabolism, which leads to diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), high blood pressure and chronic inflammation. DM can increase the risk of having some skin problems, such as bacterial and fungal infections that lead to ulcers that are very difficult to heal, and a large percentage of patients even lose their lower extremities. A proposal for the care of ulcer wounds, diabetic foot, burns, among others, is to implement patches and/or bandages with a silver nanoparticle gel used as an antiseptic, as an alternative administration system to antibiotics to control and inhibit the colonization of microorganisms such as super bacteria. Since silver nanoparticles have great potential in biomedical applications such as bactericidal, fungicidal, antiviral or agent healing, among others. Of all its uses, one of the most important is his employment as an agent antiseptic for hygienic and medical purposes. In this work we prepared a hydrogel with a concentration of 1000 μg/mL of Ag NPs, and stability studies were carried out: pH study of the final formulation and physical study to corroborate that the hydrogel maintains its appearance, color, odor and pH for 30 days at 25 °C and 40 °C. Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated and compared against a commercial cream containing silver sulfadiazine. From the Kirby-Bauer test, an average diameter of the inhibition zones for our hydrogel was obtained that was greater than that of the inhibition zones for the commercial cream. Ttherefore, the hydrogel prepared with AgNPs has good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Polyherbal formulations are known for various medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to biosynthesis of Silver nanoparticle (AgNps) using polyherbal extract and to evaluate their effect on human bacterial pathogens. Polyherbal extract silver nanoparticles were synthesized and the presence of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis. The effect of polyherbal AgNps were evaluated against human bacterial pathogens by agar well diffusion method. The UV-VIS spectrophotometer, SEM analysis and the agar well diffusion method confirmed the potential antibacterial activity of biosynthesized polyherbal AgNPs against common bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Propionibacteriun acnes, Streptococcus oralis, Enterobacter feacalis, Proteus vulgaris, Aeromonas hydrophila, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Actinomycetes Sp. Therefore, we suggest that polyherbal AgNPs can be used for the treatment of bacterial diseases.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Preparation of polyherbal formulation from selected traditional medicinal plants (Caesalpinia bonduc, Morinda citrifolia and Nigella sativa)
 Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using polyherbal aqueous extract and evaluate its antibacterial activity against human pathogens
 
 
 The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles that use the extract of polyherbal formulations have proven excellent antibacterial activity against human pathogens through Disc diffusion method
 The present study demonstrated a quick, rapid, and economical way of synthesizing silver nanoparticles.
 Synthesized polyherbal nanoparticles can be used against human pathogens acts as antimicrobial drug
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Silver nanoparticles were found to have an excellent antimicrobial activity and green synthesis enhance the activity of Silver nanoparticles. Mimosa pudica commonly called as touch me-not plant has found to have antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. Ormocarpum cochinchinense commonly called as ‘elumbotti’ is a shrub which is traditionally used for bone fixing in the areas like Tamilnadu .Hydroxyapatite is one of the popular biomaterial which has good biocompatibility commonly used in the field of dentistry and Orthopaedics. Osteosarcoma or Osteogenic sarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumour commonly affects children and adolescents. Recently, Hydroxyapatite was found to have proliferative-suppressive effect on osteosarcoma cells. The leaves of Mimosa pudica and ormocarpum cochin chinense were shadow dried and its aqueous extract was prepared. The Silver nano particles were synthesized from both the plants and the UV-visible spectrum shows good stability in mimosa pudica sample which was taken for further use. Further the sample was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD).To enhance the drug delivery, synthesized silver nanoparticles were conjugated with hydroxyapatite powder. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the bio-conjugate was evaluated. The in-vitro activity of the bio conjugate will be evaluated in the osteo sarcoma cell line (MG-63). The produced bio conjugate can be used in the treatment of osteo sarcoma and in treating bone injuries and bone inflammations.

Pongamia pinnata – a plant used since olden times in Ayurvedic treatment – is reported to have diverse functions including antibacterial, antidiabetic, antineurodegenerative, antiepileptic, antiulcer, etc. In this study, our objective was to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis mediated by methanolic seed extract of P. pinnata and to determine their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential and wound healing activity. AgNPs were characterized for particle size and shape and for antioxidant potential. Further, the AgNPs were incorporated in a gel. The wound healing activity was investigated using an excision wound healing model in Wistar rats. The AgNP‐loaded gel was applied topically to the wounded rats daily for 30 days. The wound contraction was calculated and histopathological studies of the healed tissues were conducted. Karanjin content of the extract was found to be 349 ± 2.16 mg g−1. Formation of AgNPs was confirmed using transmission and scanning electron microscopies and X‐ray diffraction. AgNPs showed good antioxidant potential and were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Significant wound healing activity (p < 0.05) was shown by the AgNP gel as compared to 5% Betadine ointment. Thus, the prepared AgNPs have antimicrobial and wound healing effects that may be useful in treatment of topical infections especially in wounds.

Objective. Evaluation of the effectiveness of wound healing of uncomplicated flat wounds against the background of topical application of cerium and silver nanoparticles in a spray in an experiment on laboratory rats. Material and methods. The experimental study was performed on 40 Wistar rats, which were modeled with a layered skin wound with an area of 225 mm2. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups. The spray with the studied nanoparticles and the comparison drug dexpanthenol were applied to the wound once for 7 days. On days 3, 7, 14, 21, the wound area was measured to determine the rate of wound healing. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment on days 7, 14, 21 and 30 under general anesthesia, followed by wound tissue sampling for morphological examination. On day 30, the cosmetic effect of the postoperative scar was assessed using the SCAR scale. Results. Topical application of a spray containing silver (NS) and cerium (NC) nanoparticles reduces the time of complete healing of skin defects by 8±0.5 days (p<0.05), accelerates the wound healing process compared to the control group. On the 7th day, the average wound healing rate was: in group K — 20.5±2.5 mm2/day; in group S — 29.3±1.8 mm2/day; in group C — 30.2±1.8 mm2/day; in group D — 21.3±9.8 mm2/day (p<0.05). The use of NS and NC improves the cosmetic characteristics of the scar, assessed on the SCAR scale: in group K — 5 points, in group S — 1 point, in group C — 1 point, in group D — 2 points. Conclusion. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of NS and NC in the treatment of uncomplicated skin wounds, characterized by accelerated wound healing, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, formation of a scar with a smaller surface area and a more favorable cosmetic effect.

There is growing scientific evidence that the health, well-being and the attractiveness of the skin are strongly influenced by nutrition. Consumers recognize this and have supported the creation of a global cosmeceuticals market estimated in 2010 at $27.2 billion. Early in 2011, the US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture issued the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Twelve vitamins and nine minerals were recognized as essential. The minerals include calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, potassium and sodium. Although the topical benefits of several minerals such as zinc, magnesium and iron are recognized and, in some cases, approved by the FDA, the topical benefits of the others to the skin are largely unexplored and unexploited. This review attempts to summarize what has been published in the literature on the interactions of the eight of the nine essential elements with the skin.

Novel chitosan hydrogels reinforced by silver nanoparticles with ultrahigh mechanical and high antibacterial properties for accelerating wound healing