Abstract
In this paper, a novel electrochromic material of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-extended viologen derivative with good coplanarity and electron acceptor-electron donor-electron acceptor structure, BPYO-C6H13, was synthesized, and a polyacrylamide-sodium alginate dual network hydrogel (PAM-SA) with advantages of low cost, environmental protection, good biocompatibility, high optical transmittance (>85 %), good mechanical properties and good ionic conductivity (16.61 mS cm−1) was developed as the electrochromic hydrogel matrix for gel-state electrochromic devices based on BPYO-C6H13 (PAM-SA-ECD). BPYO-C6H13 showed good electrochromic properties in both solution-state electrochromic devices and gel-state electrochromic devices, and PAM-SA-ECD had a lower operating voltage (−1.4 V versus −1.7 V), a higher optical contrast (48.4 % versus 33.1 % and 22.1 %) as well as a higher coloration efficiency (348.7 cm2/C versus 234.8 and 120.7 cm2/C). Compared to PAM-SA gel-state electrochromic devices based on 1,1′-dihexyl-[4,4′-bipyridine]-1,1′-diium, BPYO-C6H13 with 1,3,4-oxadiazole π-extender showed a different colored state (green versus pink) and a higher coloration efficiency (348.7 cm2/C versus 275.9 cm2/C) due to different conjugated structure. PAM-SA-ECD was applied in smart windows and solar cell-powered displays, suggesting BPYO-C6H13 is promising in energy-saving fields.
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