Abstract
Abstract There is a dearth of criminological scholarship on how the political persuasions of governments affect Indigenous people as it relates to human rights and environmental consequences, whether positive or negative, for Indigenous peoples. To address this gap, we develop a comparative instrumental case study of the policies concerning Indigenous peoples implemented during two political periods in Brazil: the administrations of presidents Silva (2003–2010) and Rousseff (2011–2016) and the administrations of Temer (2016–2018) and Bolsonaro (2019–). We explore the consequences for Indigenous peoples of these leftist and the right-wing governments. We argue that governments of both political leanings victimize Indigenous populations, with leftist governments using structural violence and right-wing governments engaging additionally in symbolic and direct violence.
Highlights
In November 2011, jagunços hired by a group of land owners from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and employees of a local private security company attacked a Guarani-Kaiowá settlement,1 shot one of its residents, Cacique Nísio Gomes, and kidnapped his wife and two children
The study of Indigenous victimization lacks a nuanced exploration of whether the violence directed at Indigenous peoples correlates with the political leanings of governments
We develop the theoretical framework of our analysis, which is inspired by the notions of direct, symbolic and structural violence, first proposed by Johan Galtung (1969; 1971; 1990) and developed by Rosa del Olmo (1975)
Summary
In November 2011, jagunços (hitmen) hired by a group of land owners from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and employees of a local private security company attacked a Guarani-Kaiowá settlement, shot one of its residents, Cacique Nísio Gomes, and kidnapped his wife and two children. The study of Indigenous victimization lacks a nuanced exploration of whether the violence directed at Indigenous peoples correlates with the political leanings of governments To fill this gap, we present the findings of a comparative and instrumental case study of the four most recent Brazilian governments—those led by Lula, Dilma, Temer and Bolsonaro—covering the period January 1, 2003 to December 2019 (the time of the writing of this article). We develop the theoretical framework of our analysis, which is inspired by the notions of direct, symbolic and structural violence, first proposed by Johan Galtung (1969; 1971; 1990) and developed by Rosa del Olmo (1975) In this same section, we conceptualize our understanding of right-wing and leftist governments. The 6a Câmara de Coordenação e Revisão (Sixth Chamber of Coordination and Review) of the Departamento de Populações Indígenas e Comunidades Tradicionais (Department of Indigenous Populations and Traditional Communities) of the Federal Public Ministry has provided activity reports since 2003; available at http://www.mpf.mp.br/atuacao-tematica/ccr6/ documentos-e-publicacoes/relatorios-de-atividades
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