Abstract

This chapter takes as its starting point an oral history project with a number of inspirational Minnesota Ojibwe women who lived and worked in Minneapolis, among them Gertrude Howard Buckanaga, Pat Bellanger, Rose Robinson, and Vikki Howard, who shared stories about their own mentors in the Indian community. It shows how for these activists personal networks with other Indian people were essential to city survival, and their efforts were an expression of indigenous values, and cultural capital, that resulted in the emergence of distinctive urban Indian communities. Women's networks and their invention of unique community formations generated unanticipated opportunities leading to professionalization and higher education not only for themselves.

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