Abstract
Political (participation) rights discussed in this chapter include both freedoms of expression, assembly and association (political communication rights) (Articles 10, 11 of the ECHR) and the right to vote (Art 3 of Protocol 1 thereof). The chapter investigates challenges related to restrictions on the exercise of political rights by non-citizens (inter alia, given Article 16 of the ECHR), querying the appropriate role of supranational scrutiny and standard-setting. It problematises questions of membership and political participation, which lie at the heart of national projects, as well as challenges from universality (of rights).
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