Politeness Strategies Used by the Main Characters in The Garfield Movie: A Pragmatic Perspective

The research analyzed the use of positive and negative politeness strategies in the Interview videos of ASIAN BOSS and BONDO WANI. Both of these videos discuss about the sensitive topic in Indonesia. This research applies descriptive qualitative method. Then, the utterances in these two videos transcribed and analyzed descriptively by politeness theory of Brown and Levinson (1978). The data taken contain positive and negative politeness strategies. In collecting the data, the researcher applies some steps: watching the interview videos for several times, taking note the conversation, and observes the conversation that highly applies positive and negative politeness strategies within the interview. The results of the study showed that BONDO WANI with the host is Dono Pradana and the people from Surabaya as the hearer used positive politeness strategies more than ASIAN BOSS and ASIAN BOSS with the interviewer and the interviwees are from Jakarta used negative politeness strategies than BONDO WANI based on Brown and Levinson (1978) theory. There were 107 utterances that can be categorized as negative politeness and positive politeness strategy. There are 37 data from negative politeness that showed by both ASIAN BOSS and BONDO WANI and 70 data from positive politeness strategies applied based on ASIAN BOSS and BONDO WANI. This research is expected can be beneficial to people who intend to understand particularly that even In Indonesia has various tribes with various languages in it.

Soon, autonomous cars are expected to become widespread, but at present, it is still common for people to drive cars manually. A driving support agent (DSA) is used to support driving using the human-agent interaction approach. In previous research, it was shown that DSAs can be useful in assisting the user through voice utterances. However, previous studies focusing on DSA utterance design have not compared off-record strategies with other politeness strategies that explicitly communicate the speaker's intentions, and it was not clear whether DSA should provide explicit utterances to the user. Therefore, in this study, a video-based subjective evaluation experiment (n=240) was conducted to compare the acceptability of off-record strategies, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, and direct utterances without politeness strategies. The results of the experiment showed that the negative politeness strategy was evaluated significantly higher than the off-record strategy on evaluation items related to functionality. This result suggests the usefulness of providing explicit instructions with linguistic consideration (politeness) when DSA provides driving assistance to users. In addition to the above findings, there were several correlations between the user's personality characteristics and the subjective evaluation of the DSA. Specifically, there was a significant positive correlation between the level of conscientiousness of the user and the direct utterance evaluation value. For the positive politeness strategy and off-record strategy, there were no significant correlations between evaluation categories of the dislikeability and users' personality characteristics. These results suggest that individual differences in n egative impressions due to personality characteristics are small in the positive politeness and off-record strategies.

This study deals with Politeness Strategies Used in Javanese Wedding Ceremony. The objectives of the study were to identify types of Politeness strategies and the pattern of strategies used in Javanese wedding ceremony. The approach used in this study are based on Politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record, Positive politeness, Negative politeness and Off-record strategy. This study employed descriptive qualitative design. The data were the transcriptions of recorded observation and interview. The data were taken from observation using audio visual recorder in Javanese wedding ceremony of Dina Wagiani and Oman Syahputra especially in some events which were Peningsetan (17th March 2012), Midodaremi (14th April 2012), Panggih (15th April 2012) dan Sungkeman (15th April 2012) that are held in Medan located at Jl. Marelan II Pasar IV, Kelurahan Rengas Pulau, Kecamatan Medan Marelan. The finding showed that all the types of Politeness strategies were applied in Javanese wedding ceremony. The percentage of positive politeness was 54.21%, bald- on record was 33.16%, negative politeness was 8.95% and off-record was 3.68%. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was positive politeness strategy. It was used because Javanese people try to satisfy the hearer and avoid conflicts with other people. They also applied it to make both families get closer each other, so there was no distance between them. They endeavor to maintain social harmony and solidarity between bride‘s family and bridegroom‘s family during wedding ceremony.

The study deals with the types of politeness strategies used by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie . The objectives of study are to find out type of politeness strategies used by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie, to derive the dominant type of politeness strategy that is produced by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie and to elaborate the context of politeness strategies used by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie . The data are dialogue of the main character in a letter to Juliet movie . This research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative design and only focused on the main character. The research findings are positive and negative politeness strategies. There are fifteen strategies of positive politeness and twelve strategies of negative politeness in a letter to Juliet movie. The most dominant politeness strategy uttered by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie was positive politeness strategy. Among them is intensify interest to hearer is dominant type of positive politeness strategy. This type of politeness strategy occurred since character mostly just shared about her experience and inform to other. Keywords : Politeness strategies, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies


 Good communication happened when a message is delivered by the speaker is well received by the interlocutor and both the speaker and the interlocutor feel good about what they do together. Thus make politeness and language cannot be separated. Politeness is not only can be seen from the manner, but also from the use of language. Positive and negative politeness strategies are commonly applied by people in their communication process. By understanding these two strategies, people are able to interact better in society. This study investigates how positive politeness and negative politeness strategies are enacted by the characters in the Every Waking Breath movie, and which strategies are predominantly applied. The data was taken from the characters’ utterances. Documentation and observation method were used and was assisted by note-taking techniques to obtain the data. Mix-method was used to present the analysis. The results showed there are nine types of positive politeness strategies applied by the characters, (i.e., Abigail/ Liz, Mark, and Sophie). The predominant positive politeness strategy used is Strategy 4: [Use in-group identity markers]. On the other hand, we identified five types of negative politeness strategies applied by characters. The conclusion of this research is that 17 (70,83%) of the total 24 utterances evoke the positive politeness strategies while 8 (29,17%) reflect the negative politeness strategies. The predominance of the positive politeness strategies suggests socially close relationships and solidarity between interlocutors in the movie.
 Keywords: Politeness Strategies, Positive Politeness Strategies, Negative Politeness Strategies, Movie, Characters.

This research focused on analysing the politeness strategies in online teachers' and students' virtual classroom interaction at SMPN 16 Cirebon. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to explain the use of positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, bald-on-record strategies, and off-record strategies and the relationship among the politeness strategies in teacher-students virtual classroom interaction in the online teaching-learning process at SMPN 16 Cirebon. The data were collected by using observation with recording and note-taking. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis, Braun and Clarke's theory. The finding showed that positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record, and off-record strategies exist in virtual classroom interaction. The teachers used positive politeness to engage students' attention and build a comfortable situation in the online virtual classroom. At the same time, students used it to respect the teacher before conveying their questions or answering their opinions. The students and teachers use bald-on-record to communicate their feelings in an emergency. Students used off-record to avoid the teacher's questions, while the teacher used it to build the student's thoughts in the beginning activities. All the strategies correlate and impact creating an atmosphere or situation in online virtual classroom interaction.

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the role of cooperative principles and politeness strategies in forming phatic speech acts in women's communication on Facebook. This research is qualitative research. This study applies an ethnographic approach. The data type used is qualitative in words, sentences, photographs, documents, journals, and articles. The primary data in this study is the speech of women who are divided into categories, namely adult women and adolescents. The data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique used the ethnographic analysis model introduced by Spradley. The research results show that adult women implement the cooperative principles of relevance maxims and quality maxims. They also violate the cooperative principles of relevance maxim, quality maxim, and quantity maxim, while the politeness strategy applies positive politeness strategies. Negative politeness strategy, off-record strategy, and bald on-record strategies. The findings that adult women have analyzed tend to apply the maxim of relevance, violate the principle of cooperation of relevance, and use positive politeness strategies. Teenagers use phatic speech acts by applying the principles of relevance and method cooperation, violating the maxims of relevance, quantity, and quality and using positive politeness and bald off-record strategies. Overall, dominant adolescents perform phatic speech acts by applying the maxim of manner, violating the maxim of relevance, and using positive politeness strategies.

This paper addresses the issue of linguistic realization of politeness strategies in the American talk-show: Piers Morgan Live. The analysis of the data has been carried out within the politeness framework suggested by Brown and Levinson. The corpus data analyzed includes fifteen interviews selected from Piers Morgan Live, CNN. The analysis involves chosen interview extracts which contain verbal exchanges in which positive and negative politeness strategies are deployed. On the basis of the analyzed interviews, the study strives to examine the communicative behavior of Piers Morgan as an interviewer. Having justified why a politeness framework is needed, we explore the notions of politeness, face and FTAs; in addition, we consider whether the politeness strategies identified in Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory can be found in another discourse type, namely the talk show discourse type. Firstly, we will offer an analysis of the linguistic realization of positive politeness and then an analysis of negative politeness strategies. Hence, the analysis reveals that politeness theory seems to be relevant for the study of communicative behavior of the interviewer in the discourse of television interviews. Although both the strategies of positive and negative politeness are deployed in Piers Morgan’s communicative behavior, positive politeness strategies seem to prevail in the communicative behavior of the interviewer. Consequently, it seems reasonable to assume that the strategies of positive politeness which are used contribute to (a) closing the social distance between interlocutors; (b) putting the interviewees at ease by creating a friendly atmosphere to allow them to ‘open up’. Moreover, more than one strategy is realized within each utterance. More importantly, we tend to believe that the strategies, deployed in the communicative behavior of the interviewer, are all strategic to Piers Morgan’s extralinguistic goal of having a good interview. Keywords: politeness theory; face; positive face; negative face; FTA; positive politeness; negative politeness; positive politeness strategies; negative politeness strategies.

The current paper aims at studying the strategies of positive and negative politeness, as well as at observing the compliance with these strategies in the interview of the radio host Tom Joyner with Michelle Obama. The goal is to compare the employment of positive and negative politeness strategies by the interviewers and the interviewee via conversational analysis, correlating the choice of the strategies with the desired effect that the participants of the interview planned to achieve. Theoretically, the overview of several concepts, such as face, face-threatening acts and the types of politeness is performed. Empirically, the quantitative research shows that positive politeness strategies are used more often than negative politeness strategies, both by the interviewers and interviewee. The goal of the interlocutors is to have a friendly atmosphere, but it was done for different purposes. The interviewers used positive politeness strategies in order to make the interview more successful and lively, as any person would feel comfortable and open if the atmosphere is amicable. However, the choice of positive politeness strategies by Michelle Obama can be explained by her wish to have a positive and friendly image, which can influence the audience, who are also possible voters. Michelle Obama’s choice of strategies is believed to serve for intensifying interest and sympathy of the listeners, as well as for the purposes of unifying her audience. The paper highlights the pragmatic power of language, stressing the role that it plays in politics via creating a friendly image that would have a positive effect on the audience, thus helping to reveal the ‘hidden’ information, which influences our minds and opinions.

In conversations, people tend to speak politely to keep their interlocutors’ feelings so the conversation can be maintained in harmony. They follow several rules and principles that already exist in society. They apply politeness strategies so that the communication can run effectively. This study aims to discover the politeness strategies performed by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie and explain the pattern of different types of strategies used in the movie. The data were taken from the movie’s transcript as the primary source. A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson. Based on the analysis, the politeness strategies were used by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie. The types of politeness strategies employed are bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy. The most frequent strategy was positive politeness which occurred 98 times from 149 data. The patterns of politeness strategies applied are in declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. All types of sentences contain bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies. By using politeness strategies, people appreciate their interlocutors so that the conversation will be well-maintained. Besides, this study contributes to English language teaching in comprehending cross-cultural understanding (CCU) through the movie, especially in western culture.

The aim of this paper is to compare the politeness strategies in the English version of the animated cartoon Angelo Rules with those in the dubbed Arabic version, focusing on whether the different cultures have an effect on the politeness strategies used. The data for the analysis came from four episodes in English and four episodes in Arabic that were identical to the English episodes, and the analysis was based on Brown and Levinson’s framework. The study examined the use of positive politeness, negative politeness and bald on-record strategies by the characters. The findings revealed the existence of positive politeness, negative politeness and bald on-record strategies, which were found in nearly all the English and Arabic episodes analysed. Positive politeness (in particular, exaggerating interest and including both the speaker and hearer in the activity) and bald on-record strategies were the most commonly used in the selected data. Furthermore, no significant difference in politeness strategies used was found between the four English episodes and the same episodes dubbed into Arabic.

A political interview with a presidential candidate(s) is one of the most anticipated interviews not just by their supporters, but by the entire public. Although this interview has been going on for a while and the presidential election is over, it is still important to analyze the interview from both political and other perspectives. Through a pragmatic approach, this study aims to describe the types of politeness of one of the presidential candidates in answering critical questions from journalists. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method in which the data is collected through non-participant observation techniques and analyzed based on the classification of language politeness proposed by Brown & Levinson (1987). This study found four politeness strategies, namely direct strategy (bald on-record), positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, indirect strategy (off-record). Among these, the most dominant was the off-record strategy (37,8%), which indicates the politician’s preference for indirectness and narrative to address sensitive topics. The second most frequent was positive politeness (31.0%), typically employed to create in-group solidarity and a sense of shared purpose. Negative politeness (24.3%) was used when delivering disagreement or rejection while maintaining respect for the interlocutor’s autonomy. The least used strategy was bald on-record (6.7%), applied selectively for assertive or factual statements. These findings suggest that politeness strategies in political interviews are not merely linguistic choices, but are tied to image management, institutional power relations, and strategic facework. Besides aiming to enrich the understanding of how the concepts of politeness and face strategies are used in the political context, this study also explains how politicians use language to shape their self-image before the public and the media.

Politeness strategies are used to craft messages that save the listener's positive and negative face when face-threatening behavior is inevitable or desired. Brown and Levinson mainly outline his four types of politeness strategies. Do not use baldness, negative politeness, positive politeness, off the record (indirect), and simply face-threatening behavior. Positive politeness strategies try to minimize threats to the listener's positive face and make the listener feel good. Negative politeness strategies are based on avoidance and assume that the speaker is imposing something on the listener. Off-the-record strategies use indirect speech to deprive the speaker of the possibility of imposing themselves on the listener. Discourse analysis is conducted to analyze the "face-threatening acts" (FTA) in some conversations of The Danish Girl Movie(2015). Positive politeness or negative politeness is adopted to examine how to speaking between man and a beautiful girl respectively in unconventional ways, which enable them to develop friendship thanks to the politeness strategies used positive politeness and negative politeness. The "meaning of language use" in the politeness strategies is explored. The analysis of politeness in action in this film uncovers both the informational and affective dimensions of language use in structuring human relationship and friendship. Data were analyzed using the content analysis method. In this paper, used a purposive sampling technique. With this technique, only utterances with positive and negative politeness strategies were selected for inclusion in this paper. A descriptive qualitative research technique was used to analyze the data. Guidance maps were used to identify positive and negative politeness strategies. The study found that use positive and negative politeness strategies to mitigate threats. It also helps interlocutors understand the strategies they can use to communicate effectively, ensuring both sides feel valued in the conversation.

This study conducts a discourse analysis of six speeches delivered by Vice President Sara Duterte concerning the MATATAG Curriculum, using AntConc software to examine lexical categories, specifically verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, along with their frequency patterns. Grounded in Goffman’s Politeness Theory, the research identifies the politeness strategies employed, including positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record, and off-record strategies, to reveal how linguistic choices shape the public’s perception of educational reforms. The findings show that Duterte’s speeches strategically use language to emphasize urgency, inclusivity, and alignment with both national identity and international standards. Frequent verbs highlight foundational learning and reform initiatives, adverbs stress consistent and timely policy implementation, and adjectives underscore themes of inclusivity and regional cooperation. The analysis uncovers a balanced deployment of politeness strategies: positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record politeness, and off-record politeness, that maintain rapport, assert authority, and engage diverse stakeholders effectively. This study fills a methodological gap, with this research utilizing AntConc software to analyze the linguistic elements and their frequency in Duterte’s speeches revealing her politeness strategies and the underlying ideologies reflected in the corpus. The implications extend to students, educators, political pundits, and future researchers, offering insights into effective communication in discourse and fostering critical engagement with political speech, as well as with the use of Antconc. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how politeness strategies, and lexical selection in political speeches can influence educational policy acceptance and public trust.

This study compares the politeness strategies used by Japanese and Indonesian speakers in communication on social media, based on Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory. To investigate the utilization of politeness strategies in social media interactions, we gathered 200 comments on several contents by public figures on Twitter and Instagram posted in December 2022. The dataset comprises 100 comments from Japanese users derived from posts made by accounts like @yousuck2020, @kishida230, @watanabenaomi703, and @yuriko.koike. The other 100 comments were collected from Indonesian users, originating from accounts such as @fiersabesari, @jokowi, @raffinagita1717, and @ridwankamil. The research findings show a similarity between Japanese and Indonesian speakers, with positive politeness strategy being the most frequently used politeness strategy in social media interactions. This is because there is a common desire to maintain good relationships in communication on social media. On the other hand, differences were observed in the utilization of negative politeness and off-record strategies. The research results reveal that the frequency of negative politeness strategies used by Japanese speakers was slightly higher than that used by Indonesian speakers. In comparison, the frequency of the off-record strategy was lower.