Politeness motivated by the ‘heart’ and ‘binary rationality’ in Thai culture

Men are generally observed to exercise more power than women within the marriage relationship. One way of expressing such power is through the roles in violent marriages, in which the man is usually the more powerful, violent person and the woman is the less powerful, abused person. This research tested the hypothesis that roles differing in power can explain why men are believed to be high in agency and women to be high in communion. Agency involves both positive traits (self-assertiveness) and negative traits (motivated to master and subjugate others); communion involves positive traits (accommodation and concern for others) as well as negative traits (excessive selflessness and vulnerability). College students rated stimulus persons on the gender stereotyped traits. In one condition, the husband was described as violent towards his wife, and in another condition, the traditional power relationship was reversed and the wife was described as violent towards her husband. On both the positive and negative traits, violent women and men were perceived as high in agency and low in communion. Abused men and women were seen as high in positive communion and low in positive agency, although the abused woman was lower in positive agency than her male counterpart. For abused women and men, the hypothesized results were found for negative agency, but not all of the expected findings were obtained for negative communion. The sex differences that were found could be explained by differences in the perceived physical aggression inflicted by violent men and women.

According to a recently proposed theoretical framework, different personality traits should explain pro-social behavior in different situations. We empirically tested the key proposition of this framework that each of four "coretendencies" (i.e., the shared variance of related traits) specifically predicts pro-social behavior in the presence of a different situational affordance. We used a large-scale dataset (N = 2479) including measures of various personality traits and six incentivized economic games assessing pro-social behavior in different social situations. Using bifactor modeling, we extracted four latent core tendencies and tested their predictive validity for pro-social behavior. We found mixed support for the theoretically derived, preregistered hypotheses. The core tendency of beliefs about others' pro-sociality predicted pro-social behavior in both games involving dependence under uncertainty, as expected. Unconditional concern for others' welfare predicted pro-social behavior in only one of two games providing a possibility for exploitation. For conditional concern for others' welfare and self-regulation, in turn, evidence relating them to pro-social behavior in the presence of a possibility for reciprocity and temporal conflict was relatively weak. Different features of social situations may activate different personality traits to influence pro-social behavior, but more research is needed to fully understand these person-situation interactions.

ABSTRACT: What is the point of our moral ideals in a world where people can endlessly express care and concern for others—those living in zones of everyday poverty or spaces of terror like Gaza and Tigray—but do nothing in practice?

Voluntary and nongovernmental associations are getting increased attention as part of popular culture: world of ideas, civil society is hot. It is almost impossible to read an article on foreign or domestic politics without coming across some mention of concept.... At heart of concept of civil society lie `intermediate institutions,' private groups that thrive between realm of state and of family.' There is little doubt that building of social trust through fostering of voluntary organizations is contributory to democracy, and to gender freedom: In a society that is looking for alternatives to a way of life dominated by corporations and state, social movements suggest other choices. A network of organizations that encompass broad constituencies can change our understanding of what is possible and desirable. Little by little we can build a new political culture based on our own questions about existing order. Meeting human needs neglected by state and market is basis for social movements. By working together they promote positive change and stretch our understanding of democracy and justice. The values of everyday world, including friendship, respect and concern for others, combined with shared hopes and aspirations, and healthy does of courage and patience, characterize what is best about culture of social movements.2 The debate about contribution of intermediate organizations to democracy should also include a discussion of contribution of such organizations to gender issues. Certainly more attention is needed to role of nongovernmental organizations, including those for women.3 This includes not only business luncheon clubs but ritualistic secret societies. Contrary to claims of Professor Robert Putnam of Harvard, who argues that civic life is collapsing and has popularized phrase bowling alone, volunteerism remains a strong force in American culture. An estimated seventy percent of American population belong to at least one association and twenty-five percent belong to at least four.4 I came to know hundreds of people who found meaning and satisfaction in performing community services, wrote Stephen Bailey about his years of residence in Middletown, Connecticut: ...volunteer firemen, members of library boards, organizers of community chests and United Fund drives, hospital aides, readers for blind. These activities were frequently in addition to service on PTA committees or church boards and participation in service-club benefits for crippled....no reform of bureaucratic and political system can possibly obviate need for intimate expressions of caring that are associated with voluntary performance of works of obligation and service.5 There has been little discussion despite this revival of interest in volunteerism of place that oldest of voluntary international societies, Freemasons, might have in years ahead either on democratization or gender viz culture. The generally held opinion is that Freemasonry is an adamantly male institution, but historically that is untrue. Those who claim, to intense irritation of some Masons, that women were involved in very beginnings of Masonry have substantial evidence to sustain their position. There is, for example, a record from 1408 where newly initiated Masons swore to obey the Master, or Dame, or any other ruling Freemason. In records of Lodge of Mary's Chapel in Edinburgh, dated 1683, lodge was actually presided over by a Dame or Mistress. The records of Grand Lodge of York in 1693 speak about male and female initiates.6 By eighteenth century anecdotes about women Masons take on a different tone. The women now are interlopers who become Masons by accident and are made members to protect secrets. A woman who found out secrets by spying was initiated in a lodge in English town of Barking in 1714. …

America and the Limits of the Politics of Selfishness examines Congress, the Presidency, the public, and public policy, demonstrating the important impact of the public's selfishness, morality, compassion, and religious beliefs on the American political system. The influence of public opinion on our democratically elected leaders affects whether our country will be able to find solutions to some of its more important problems. The public's self-love—an exclusive or excessive regard for oneself and one's interests, unbalanced by a concern for others beyond one's family—is critical in impacting the quality of our political system. For example, Waldman illustrates how the public affects the government's ability to solve the problem of failing education in our cities and rural towns. Ultimately, this work reveals the importance of compassion, morality, and religion in dealing with the problem of excessive self-love, with great practical consequences for our country, our own welfare, and that of the world.

This article explores how literature can sensitise us to our potential implication in the injustice and violence of the global border regime. The violence of borders today sustains a large economic and political system that “produces precarity and disposability, exposes migrants and refugees to harm and exploitation, and reinforces global inequalities”. While it manifests itself in direct events, policies, and actions, the violence produced by the global border regime is structural, widespread, and racially charged. Citizens of the global North are not precisely perpetrators of border violence, yet they bear a certain kind of political responsibility for the experiences of trauma, death, impoverishment, and discrimination that borders generate and institutionalise. Reading Mohsin Hamid's Exit West (2017), I investigate how we can recognise ourselves in the position of the ‘implicated subject’ (Michael Rothberg) through a process of what I call ‘disorienting empathy’. This form of expanded and self‐aware perspective‐taking elicits our concern for others, but simultaneously de‐centres our self, leading us to reflect critically on our subject position and on our potential indirect involvement in systemic violence. By examining Exit West 's literary strategies, I argue that empathy, non‐appropriative identification, and disorientation can generate a self‐reflexivity about our responsibility in relation to the global border regime. Drawing on affect theory, literary theory, migration studies, and critical race theory, the article highlights contemporary fiction's capacity to represent diasporic experiences and reimagine the freedom of movement in the twenty‐first century.

Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the research question: How does the social entrepreneur’s compassion inform how they engage with their environment to mobilize resources for social entrepreneurial action?Design/methodology/approachThe study features a comparative case study analysis of seven high-profile social entrepreneurs within Cape Town, South Africa. Data via in-depth interviews, site visits and archival information and follow-up conversations were collected and then analyzed via thematic coding of qualitative analysis.FindingsThe findings suggest that compassion is an antecedent for the social entrepreneurial boundary spanning shaped by their orientation toward concern for others’ well-being. Propositions presented offer the groundwork for an emergent theoretical framework of social entrepreneurial boundary spanning.Originality/valueThe study builds upon the emerging compassion research within social entrepreneurship, extending the conceptualization of compassion to be shapers of the social structure – not just the individual or the organization – in an emerging market context.

Customer complaint behaviour, in response to service failures, has been shown to vary based on numerous factors, such as the nature of the service encounter, the setting, culture, gender and the presence of others. The gender-based study reported in this paper demonstrates the impact of two of these factors, i.e. the presence of others and gender, on the intent of Ecuadorian customers to voice their complaints about service failures in a restaurant setting. Employing a theoretical framework of impression management and cultural orientation, and with specific reference to Hofstede’s work on cultural differences, this study found that Ecuadorian customers were less likely to complain in the presence of other customers than when they were alone. Impression management and concern for others were shown to be more significant among women than men. Women were found to be more motivated to manage their public image and create positive impressions in other people’s minds, leading to less intent to complain in the presence of other customers than when they were alone. Male customers, on the other hand, exhibited less concern for others and did not show any significant difference in their complaint intentions, whether they were alone or in the presence of others.

* This paper owes a great debt to my students in the National Opinion Research Center Training program, who did much to rekindle my interest in ideology. I would also like to thank Sidney Verba and Kenneth Prewitt for their intellectual contributions at various stages. The first draft of the paper was written while I was a research Fulbright Fellow at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. I would like to express my appreciation to the Fulbright Foundation for support during this period and to the University of Leiden for supporting the research. Additional support for myself and for the research was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant GS 3155 and the Twentieth Century Fund. The data reported in this article come from seven separate surveys and the organization and presentation was a mammoth job in data management. This task could not have been accomplished without the efforts of Carol Ann Lugtigheid, Eric Lugtigheid, John R. Petrocik, Jaap Rozema, and Jaap van Poelgeest.

Nearly a century ago, Frank Parsons established the Vocation Bureau in Boston and spawned the development of the counseling profession. Elaborating on Parsons's socially responsible vision for counseling, the authors examine contemporary perspectives on career decision making that include both rational and alternative models and propose that these models be integrated. Returning to counseling's roots in early 20th century social and political reformation movements could ultimately lead the profession to a renewed vision that comprehends career decision making and counseling as a socially situated process entailing purposeful reasoning, prudent intuition, and sustained efforts at ameliorating social injustice.

Under the pattern of world cultural diversity, college teachers have the responsibility to shoulder the important task of practicing curriculum ideology and politics. As a result, curriculum ideological and political research has attracted widespread attention from educators, and has quickly become a research hotspot in academia. Through the big data technology, the existing research results are quantitatively analyzed and visualized, the characteristics and shortcomings of the current curriculum ideological and political research are put forward, and the prospect of improving the curriculum ideological and political research system in colleges and universities is further pointed out.

ABSTRACTThe research explores how religious symbols can be used in advertising to encourage bystander intervention in the context of domestic violence. Using symbolic interactionism as the theoretical framework, a 4 (Ad type: Control vs. Visual vs. Verbal vs. Visual/Verbal) × 2 (Religiosity: Low vs. High) between-subjects experimental design was conducted to assess impact on attitudes toward the ad and intention to help. A national sample (N = 402) of Hindu adults from India was recruited. The findings suggest level of religiosity is critical to the process with highly religious individuals displaying higher levels of involvement, concern for others and willingness to report abuse. No significant differences were found across visual and verbal religious symbol conditions. Implications for advertisers and government agencies are presented.

이 연구의 목적은 국내 과학기술분야 정부출연연구기관(이하 출연연)의 구성원들이 생산한 SCIE 논문을 대상으로, 정성적 관점에서 성과 변화를 분석하고 함의를 도출하는 데 있다. 이 연구에서는 1998년-2018년 사이, 국내 20개 출연연에서 생산한 총 117,504건의 논문을 대상으로 실증분석을 수행하였다.BR 이 연구의 분석결과를 간략하게 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국내 출연연에서 생산한 논문은 최근까지 지속적으로 증가하는 추세를 보인다. 둘째, 표준화된 순위보정 영향력 지수(mrnIF)를 기준으로, 최근으로 올수록 상대적으로 높은 품질의 논문 생산이 증가하고 있다. 셋째, 정성적 관점에서의 논문 성과 평가기준이 최초 제안된 2007년 이후와 강화된 2015년 이후 상대적으로 높은 mrnIF 값을 갖는 논문의 생산이 활발해졌다. 넷째, 최근까지 논문 당 평균 공저자수는 지속적으로 증가해왔다. 그리고 이 연구에서는 분석결과를 기초로 향후 국내 과기계 출연연의 질적 연구 성과 제고를 위한 전략적 제안을 제시하였다.

HIV+ African Americans face many challenges that may be addressed by increased social support. This manuscript presents the Brief Disclosure Intervention and explores strategies to tailor the intervention to facilitate disclosure, increase social support, and ameliorate health disparities among HIV+ African Americans. The disclosure decision-making model served as the theoretical framework. HIV+ African Americans (N = 43) in New Jersey participated in structured interviews at 2 time points and half received the intervention. The intervention group reported increased disclosure efficacy and decreased disclosure anxiety and worry. Qualitative themes for disclosure issues included distress in social network, concern for others, and institutional support. Implications for theory and research, use and tailoring of the intervention, and decreasing health disparities are discussed.