Abstract
Simple SummaryCold physical plasma is a partially ionized gas generating various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) simultaneously. ROS/RNS have therapeutic effects when applied to cells and tissues either directly from the plasma or via exposure to solutions that have been treated beforehand using plasma processes. This review addresses the challenges and opportunities of plasma-treated solutions (PTSs) for cancer treatment.Cold physical plasma is a partially ionized gas generating various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) simultaneously. ROS/RNS have therapeutic effects when applied to cells and tissues either directly from the plasma or via exposure to solutions that have been treated beforehand using plasma processes. This review addresses the challenges and opportunities of plasma-treated solutions (PTSs) for cancer treatment. These PTSs include plasma-treated cell culture media in experimental research as well as clinically approved solutions such as saline and Ringer’s lactate, which, in principle, already qualify for testing in therapeutic settings. Several types of cancers were found to succumb to the toxic action of PTSs, suggesting a broad mechanism of action based on the tumor-toxic activity of ROS/RNS stored in these solutions. Moreover, it is indicated that the PTS has immuno-stimulatory properties. Two different routes of application are currently envisaged in the clinical setting. One is direct injection into the bulk tumor, and the other is lavage in patients suffering from peritoneal carcinomatosis adjuvant to standard chemotherapy. While many promising results have been achieved so far, several obstacles, such as the standardized generation of large volumes of sterile PTS, remain to be addressed.
Highlights
Despite ongoing improvements in cancer therapy, novel research lines are warranted to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer treatments
While many therapeutic approaches focus on targeted therapies and immuno-therapies, promising research motivated continuously tackling tumors on a much broader scale involving cancer metabolism and Cancers 2021, 13, 1737 and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and their associated redox signaling reactive oxygen pathways
Directdifferentiated plasma treatment and PTSslargely often induce intracellular on cells, and the extent of this finding for Plasma-Treated Solutions (PTSs) exposure depends on the type of solution used
Summary
For types of solutions used in experimental research as wellaccredited as clinically accredited Even though this is not entirely the case for plasma-treated water, the plasma treatment submerges reactive components generated in the ambient air such as nitrite and nitrate into the liquid, effectively generating a solution as well. Direct plasma treatment and PTSs often induce intracellular ROS on cells, and the extent of this finding for PTS exposure depends on the type of solution used. After 5 h, intracellular hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and superoxide anion decreased, and intracellular peroxynitrite increased While these data are interesting, it needs to be noted that direct plasma exposure be significantly in U251 tumor spheroids cold physical plasma, was and found.
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