Plant Species in Immature Oil Palm Plantation Areas in Kolaka Regency, Indonesia

Knowledge of the types of plant species in the world continues to progress even though there are still many plant species whose types and benefits are not yet known. These plant species concentrate in an area both in residential areas, pastures, agricultural land, and plantation land. The research aims to identify plant species in mature oil palm plantation areas in Kolaka Regency by selecting Watubangga and Tanggetada subdistricts as survey locations and has been carried out from January to August 2022 by dividing the mature oil palm area into 3 villages in each subdistrict as research samples. The results of the survey and identification were analyzed using the summed dominance ratio formula to determine the level of dominance of plant species in controlling growth facilities. The findings of plant species in mature oil palm plantation areas in Watubangga Subdistrict, Polenga Village (highest-Cyperus rotundus L. 3.0738%, lowest-Solanum torvum Sw. 1.8637%), Kastura Village (highest-Brachiaria miliformis 4.1470%, lowest-Euphorbia hirta L 1.5057%), Kukutio Village (highest-Pennisetum purpureum Schumach 3.8447%, lowest-Chromolaena odorata (L.) King. 1.6317%). Tanggetada Subdistrict, Pundaipa Village (highest-Asystasia coromandeliana Ness 3.8541%, lowest-Cyrtococcum acrescens 1.4968%), Tinggo Village (highest-Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. 4.9256%, lowest-Chromolaena odorata (L.) King 1.6079%), Oneeha Village (highest-Pennisetum purpureum Schumach, 3.8447%, lowest-Chromolaena odorata (L.) King. 1.6317%). This finding can be concluded that each area of mature oil palm plantations has several different and varied plant species and there are invasive plants that can eliminate native plants such as Chromolaena odorata (L.) King. and Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.

Oil palm is an important industrial plant producing cooking oil, industrial oil and fuel. Anaiwoi Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency is one of the locations of oil palm plantation centers in the province of Southeast Sulawesi. Palm oil is one of the major staples planted by the community in Anaiwoi village, Tanggetada district, Kolaka regency, almost all the people in this area depend on oil palm for their livelihood. A common problem faced by smallholder oil palm farmers in this region is the lack of information on proper oil palm cultivation and management. So far, independent smallholders or independent smallholders only know how to cultivate in general and have not thought about the many aspects that affect the growth of oil palm seedlings. The solution that can be provided comes in the form of advice related to good oil palm cultivation in accordance with agronomic principles so that the incomes of independent smallholders/independent oil palm grow. To get oil palm plants that can produce optimally, good oil palm cultivation is the main thing to understand. Plants grown according to the right agronomic principles will be able to grow and develop correctly to produce optimally.

Over the last two decades, Sumatra, Indonesia has experienced rapid expansion of rubber and oil palm plantations through conversion of rainforests. This is evident from the 36% decrease in forest area in this region from 1990-2010. Such rapid land-use change necessitates assessment of its environmental impacts. Forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations are expected to increase nutrient leaching losses and decrease nutrient retention efficiency, following the changes in soil cover, litter input, soil nutrient availability and management practices. This thesis presents two studies, which focused on the impact of forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations on nutrient leaching and nutrient retention efficiency, and on the difference in nutrient leaching losses between fertilized and frond-stacked areas of oil palm plantations. All studies were conducted in two landscapes of highly weathered soils that mainly differed in texture (loam and clay Acrisol soils), located in the Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Nutrient leaching losses were measured using suction cup lysimeters installed at 1.5 m soil depth and sampling frequency was bi-weekly to monthly during February to December 2013. In the first study, nutrient leaching losses and nutrient retention efficiency in the soil were measured in four land uses: the reference land uses of lowland forest and jungle rubber (rubber trees interspersed in secondary forest), and the converted land uses of smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations. In each landscape, the first three land uses were represented by four replicate sites and the oil palm by three sites, totaling 30 sites. The results illustrated that for the reference land uses the loam Acrisol soil had higher leaching fluxes of dissolved nitrogen (N) and base cations, and lower retention efficiencies of N and base cations than the clay Acrisol soil. For the converted land uses, management practices such as fertilization and liming in oil palm plantations resulted in higher dissolved N, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and base cations leaching fluxes, and lower N and base cation retention efficiencies in the soil than the reference land uses. On the other hand, in the unfertilized rubber plantations leaching losses of dissolved N, DOC, and base cations were lower than in the oil palm plantations. Overall, the results showed that clay content and management practices controlled nutrient leaching losses and nutrient retention efficiencies in heavily weathered Acrisol soils of these converted landscapes. In the second study, nutrient leaching losses were measured in fertilized and frond-stacked areas of smallholder oil palm plantations in clay and loam Acrisol soils. The results exhibited higher leaching losses (i.e. N, base cations, total aluminum (Al), total manganese (Mn), total sulfur (S), and chloride (Cl)) in the fertilized area than the frond-stacked area due to pulse rates of applications of mineral fertilizers and lime. At the landscape scale, higher soil nutrient stocks and lower nutrient leaching losses in the clay Acrisol soil compared to the loam Acrisol soil both in the fertilized and frond stack areas were caused by the higher nutrient retention as a result of higher clay content. Combining nutrient leaching losses and nutrient input (i.e. bulk precipitation and fertilizers) with ancillary studies on nutrient output through harvest export provides more comprehensive information about the changes in partial nutrient budgets of N, phosphorus (P), and base cations due to forest conversion to oil palm and rubber plantations. Fertilized oil palm plantations had the lowest annual partial budget of N, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) due to the high annual leaching losses and harvest export. However, the high negative partial budgets of N, Ca and Mg in oil palm plantations did not significantly decrease those stocks at 1-m soil depth compared to all the other land uses, except for exchangeable Mg in the loam Acrisol landscape. Even though unfertilized rubber plantations have lower leaching losses (e.g. P) than forest, harvest export caused the lower annual partial budget of P. Overall, these results from the two studies suggests for improved management practices on these highly weathered soils through synchronizing rate of application of fertilizer with plant uptake and frequency of fertilizer application.

This research aims to determine the income of independent oil palm farmers in Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency and to determine the influence of independent oil palm prices and production on farmers' income in Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency. The research method used in this research is a quantitative method using secondary data and primary data. The results of the research show that the average income from oil palm farming in the research area with an average selling price of 1,935 kg with an average production of 60,711.92 kg/year, with total revenues of IDR 117,363,038.50/year with total cost of IDR 19,473,892.66/year. Farmer's income is IDR. 97,894,145.80/year. The price of palm oil has a significant effect on the income of independent oil palm farmers because the significance value is smaller than the confidence level (95%) namely (0.000 < 0.05), likewise production has a significant effect on the income of independent oil palm farmers because the significance value is smaller than The confidence level (95%) is (0.000 < 0.05), in Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency

The characteristics of tropical peatlands are still able to form a high diversity of plants. Conversion of tropical peatlands affects the composition of plants. The aim of this study was to find out effect of land use changes to the composition and diversity of plants in the Peat Hydrological Unit (PHU) Mendahara - Batanghari River. The research was conducted in three land use categories, namely secondary forest, coffee plantation, and oil palm plantation (subdivided into oil palm plantation 1 and oil palm plantation 2). In each study location, sample lane 20 m x 200 m were made. Overall, we found 77 species of plants. The results showed number of plant species decreased due to changes of land use. There are 51 - 53 species of plants in secondary forest areas (out of a total of 58 species) that are not found in oil palm and coffee plantations areas. Differences in composition were also shown in the low value of community similarity (<50%). In the oil palm and coffee plantation areas, plant communities tend to be dominated by pioneer plants such as Melicope lunu-ankenda, Coffea liberica, Macaranga triloba, and Melastoma malabathricum. Secondary forest was dominated by plants species that characterize peatlands such as Tetramerista glabra, Parastemon urophyllus, Knema percoriacea, Litsea costalis var. nidularis and Madhuca motleyana. Changes in land use also reduce the level of diversity (H 'and R) at various levels of growth. Whereas in the oil palm and coffee plantation areas tend to form uniform stands (indicated through index E which describes the abundance distribution in community and index C which describes the dominance of species). Generally, the distribution pattern of plants is clumped. Uniform distribution was found in K. percoriacea and L. costalis var. nidularis. Keywords: land use changes, peatland characteristics, plant composition, plant diversity

The objectives of this study were: (1) To analyze the influence of the development of production and land productivity on oil palm plants in the province of South Sumatra. (2) To analyze the factors that affect the area of oil palm land in South Sumatra province. and (3) To analyze the factors that influence oil palm production in the province of South Sumatra. This research will be conducted in January to February 2021. The method used in this research is historical method of data sources or secondary data. The data used in this study are secondary data, which is taken from 2005 to 2019. Data was collected from various agencies. such as the Central Statistics Agency, the South Sumatra Plantation Service and other agencies. It is suspected that the factors that indicate the development of oil palm production are the area of oil palm plantations and the productivity of oil palm lands.The results of this study are the development of productivity, area, and production of oil palm plantations in South Sumatra Province from 2005 to 2019 which has increased every year with growth rates of 2.3%, 4.71%, and 7,11% by year although it tends to fluctuate. The productivity of oil palm in South Sumatra is determined by the area and production of oil palm in South Sumatra. The area of oil palm plantations in the province of South Sumatra is significantly influenced by the production factor of the price of rubber and the production factor of the minimum wage for labor in South Sumatra. The production of oil palm plantations in the province of South Sumatra is significantly influenced by the production factor for the area of oil palm plantations and the minimum wage for labor in South Sumatra Province.

The objective to be achieved is to determine the contribution of oil palm farmers' income to the total income of farmers in Pewisoa Jaya Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency. To determine the income distribution of oil palm farmers in Pewisoa Jaya Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency. on the results of the study it can be concluded that the contribution and distribution of income of oil palm farmers is 25,10 % harvest season, the average income of oil palm farmers is 61,42 % per harvest year while the contribution of oil palm farming is 25.10% of the total income of oil palm farmers, and the distribution of income of oil palm farmers is 0.004. the condition is still very low or the community is less prosperous in Pewisoa Jaya Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency

Background: This research aims to collect and preserve ethnopharmaceutical knowledge based on the customs of the Tolaki-Mekongga tribe in treating various diseases experienced by people in the Tolaki-Mekongga tribal area. Methods: In this study, descriptive-qualitative methods have been used for the research objectives to be achieved. Qualitative methods have been used to identify plants as traditional medicines by interview, while quantitative methods have been used for the classification of medicinal plants, use of therapeutic plant organs, medicinal plant use formulations, determination of a group of plants as candidates for herbal medicine, phytopharmaca candidates, and even endemic plant as drugs candidates for tropical and infectious diseases. Results: The results obtained 158 medicinal plant species, although most of these medicinal plants were used by other tribes, and the Tolaki-Mekongga tribe only uses as many as ten medicinal plant species as local wisdom in the region. According to the survey results, it was found that the parts of the plant that were commonly used were roots, root water, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits and rhizomes. The processing of plants used as medicinal plants generally still uses traditional methods. Based on the questionnaires and field surveys, several things were found: through questionnaire data, as many as 133 respondents obtained online and offline were identified 158 plant species used by the Tolaki-Mekongga tribe to treat 112 types of diseases. A literature search shows that among the 158 plant species, several plants are not only used by the Tolaki-Mekongga people but also by other tribes in Indonesia and the world, but this study provides essential information and found that ten medicinal plant species are only used by the species of Tolaki-Mekongga partly have not been identified, namely: (tawa nggateba/kateba: local name), Kleinhovia hospita L., (tawa tamaseu: local name), (bajakah: local name), (tawa tanggedaso: local name), chlorophyll trees (spesies unidentified), (saumompai: local name), (katolanondoke: local name), Discidia albifora, and Discidia major. Conclusion: Data on endemic plants in the Kolaka and East Kolaka districts were obtained, which were used as medicinal plants and even as foodstuffs in the region and have the potential for herbal and phytopharmaca studies, so that phytochemical and pharmacological studies were needed to identify bioactive compounds.

The expansion of oil palm plantation areas has also created a new zoning system that restricts village communities' freedom to reach areas once used as farming and livestock locations. This study aims to analyze income and expenditure, analyze the structure of household livelihoods, and determine the strategies for fulfilling household livelihoods of beef cattle farmers in oil palm plantation areas in Watubangga, Kolaka. Respondents in this study amounted to 35 farmer households determined by a simple random sampling method. The primary and secondary data were used. Data analysis used in this research includes income, saving capacity, and descriptive analysis. The results showed that the average income of cattle farmer households in Watubangga Subdistrict, Kolaka Regency, was IDR 18,918,750 per month, with an average household expenditure of IDR 6,506,250 per month and an average saving capacity of IDR 12,412,500 per month. Household livelihood strategies applied in Watubangga, Kolaka, are spatial engineering (migration), farming livelihood engineering, and dual livelihood patterns. This study can be followed up with a study on the welfare level of the farming community to find out how the structure and livelihood strategies fulfill the welfare of the farming community.

Diversity of Forage Species in Oil Palm Plantation Area in Kolaka Regency

Currently, oil palm plantations must carry out environmentally friendly plantation activities, one of which is by maintaining the biodiversity in or around the plantation area. Biodiversity can also reduce pest attacks that can reduce oil palm productivity. The research activities were carried out at PT. Waimusi Agroindah by conducting an inventory of plant, mammal, and bird species in HCV areas and oil palm plantations (young, medium, and mature palms). The results of the research in the HCV area showed that there were 4 types of trees, 10 types of poles, 7 types of saplings, 4 understorey plants and seedlings, 4 types of mammals, and 34 species of birds. Within the HCV area, three species of mammals protected by the government were found, namely the silvery lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus) as many as 3 individuals, and three species of birds, namely Haliastur indus, Elanus caerulaus, and Anhinga melanogaster. In the oil palm plantation area, only understorey stands were found, but various types of mammals and birds were found. The number of species of mammals and birds found in HCV areas is higher than in oil palm plantations. The number of vegetation types in the HCV area is more diverse so that it can be used as a place for wildlife to live, both for forage plants and nests. This shows the need for HCV areas in biodiversity conservation and as an ecological balancer in oil palm plantation areas.

Good plantation management is important to increase the productivity of immature oil palm plants, one of which is chemical weed control. This study aims to (1) determine the dosage of paraquat herbicide which is effective in controlling weeds in the area of immature oil palm plantations, (2) find out the differences in the composition of weed species on immature oil palm plates after application of the paraquat herbicide, (3) find out the phytotoxicity of paraquat herbicides in immature oil palm plants after the application of the paraquat dichloride herbicide. This research was carried out in the farmers' oil palm plantation in Jontor Village, Gayabaru District , Central Lampung Regency and Weed Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung from November 2017 to February 2018. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 replications and 6 treatments consisting dose of paraquat dichloride herbicide of 375g / ha, 500 g / ha, 625 g / ha, 750 g / ha, and mechanical weeding and without weed control (control). Homogeneity of the various data was tested by the Bartlett test, data additivity was tested by the Tukey test and the difference in the mean was tested with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at α 5 level. The result of the study showed that : (1) the herbicide paraquat dichloride dose of 375-750 g / ha effectively control weeds in total, weed leaf width of up to 8 week after application, weed grasses and weeds puzzle to 4 week after application, (2) the herbicide paraquat dichloride dose of 375-750 g / ha is effective in controlling Praxelis clematidea weeds up to 8 week after application, weed Ottochloa nodosa and Asystasia gangetica up to 4 week after application, (3) paraquate dichloride dosage levels 375-750 g / ha resulting in differences in weed composition at 4, 8 and 12 week after application , (4) dosages of 375 - 750 g / ha parakuat dichloride herbicides applied to dishes not poisoning immature oil palm plants.

The strategy of developing Bali cattle and oil palm plantations is carried out to increase income as well as one of the strategic efforts in overcoming the limitations of animal feed faced by farmers. The strategy of developing Bali cattle farms in oil palm plantations is directed at the development of the cattle breeding industry, fattening industries and by-products of animal feed-based products and by-products of palm oil as a center for cattle development in the context of revitalizing and accelerating sustainable livestock development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development strategy of Bali cattle based on oil palm plantations. The analysis tools used are L/Q (Location Questions), Carrying Capacity and SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat). The results showed that the Kolaka Regency has the potential as a center for the development of Bali cattle based on the results of oil palm plantations.

Oil palm is the prima donna commodity of plantation crops in this area. Based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, in 2023, Riau Province was recorded as having an oil palm plantation area of 2.87 million hectares or 20.68 per cent of the total area of oil palm plantations spread across 26 provinces in Indonesia. Riau Province occupies the first position as the province in Indonesia which has the largest area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. In the 11 year period (2011-2021), the area of oil palm plantations in Riau Province increased by 49.07%. This research discusses the impact of fluctuations in the selling price of palm fruit on the socio-economic conditions of palm oil farming communities in Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The research was conducted using primary data and secondary data, as well as descriptive analysis methods. The research results show that fluctuations in the selling price of palm fruit have a significant impact on income, employment and social conditions of the community. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the Government can provide offers and encourage the development of derivative products from palm oil to maintain the stability of farmers' selling prices for palm oil. This research provides important insights for government policy in improving the welfare of oil palm farming communities in the region.

Increasing rate of oil palm plantation in Indonesia since 2008-2011 was 6.92%, that increased from 7,363,703 to 7,873,384 ha. Vegetation grown in the area of oil palm plantation is weed for its main crop. There is potential source of oil palm plantation area for livestock industry. Oil palm-cattle integration system is well known and it has been applied in many oil palm plantations, by the use of waste from oil palm plantation, oil palm by-product, the fronds for feed and feces from cattle as organic fertilizer for the plant. Management of oil palm plantation, including plant maintainance, weeding, providing organic and chemical fertilizer is costly. Grazing system under oil palm would minimize cost problem and oil palm production input can be reduced. One of the systems in oil palm-cattle integration that prospective to be developed is grazing by rotation system. Types of plants under oil palm plantation consist of grasses, legumes, other narrow and broad leaves, some are palatable and some are unpalatable or toxic for cattle. Species of vegetation under oil palm vary among the plantation depending on the age of oil palm plant. Introduction of superior forage into oil palm plantation is promising effort to increase the production and quality of feed. Carrying capacity for cattle varies among the oil palm plantation and depends on vegetation under oil palm plantation and age of oil palm. Studies showed that integration oil palm-livestock by grazing system has been proven economically feasible. Key words: Plantation, oil palm, forage, cattle, grazing