Abstract
Phenolics are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom and are the most abundant secondary metabolites of plants. Plant polyphenols have drawn increasing attention due to their potent antioxidant properties and their marked effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases such as cancer. In the last few years, the identification and development of phenolic compounds or extracts from different plants has become a major area of health- and medical-related research. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview on phenolic extraction, purification, analysis and quantification as well as their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of phenolics in-vitro and in-vivo animal models are viewed, including recent human intervention studies. Finally, possible mechanisms of action involving antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity as well as interference with cellular functions are discussed.
Highlights
Phenolics are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom and are the most abundant secondary metabolites of plants
It has been proposed that the antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds can be mediated by the following mechanisms: (1) scavenging radical species such as ROS/RNS; (2) suppressing ROS/RNS formation by inhibiting some enzymes or chelating trace metals involved in free radical production; (3) upregulating or protecting antioxidant defense [139]
freeze-dried black raspberries (FBRs) gel application (0.5 g applied four times daily for six weeks) was well tolerated in all the 27 trial participants [203]. Results from this clinical trial showed that FBR gel topical application significantly reduced loss of heterozygosity (LOH) indices at chromosomal loci associated with tumor suppressor genes
Summary
Phenolics are compounds possessing one or more aromatic rings with one or more hydroxyl groups. Flavonoid are themselves divided into six subgroups: flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins, according to the oxidation state of the central C ring Their structural variation in each subgroup is partly due to the degree and pattern of hydroxylation, methoxylation, prenylation, or glycosylation. The structure diversity is a result of the variation in hydroxylation pattern, stereochemistry at the three chiral centers, and the location and type of interflavan linkage, as well as the degree and pattern of methoxylation, glycosylation and galloylation [3] Despite their wide distribution, the health effects of dietary polyphenols have come to the attention of nutritionists only in recent years. In addition to having antioxidant properties, polyphenols have several other specific biological actions in preventing and or treating diseases
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