Abstract
Plants contain numerous glycoconjugates that are metabolized by specific glucosyltransferases and hydrolyzed by specific glycosidases, some also catalyzing synthetic transglycosylation reactions. The documented value of plant-derived glycoconjugates to beneficially modulate metabolism is first addressed. Next, focus is given to glycosidases, the central theme of the review. The therapeutic value of plant glycosidases is discussed as well as the present production in plant platforms of therapeutic human glycosidases used in enzyme replacement therapies. The increasing knowledge on glycosidases, including structure and catalytic mechanism, is described. The novel insights have allowed the design of functionalized highly specific suicide inhibitors of glycosidases. These so-called activity-based probes allow unprecedented visualization of glycosidases cross-species. Here, special attention is paid on the use of such probes in plant science that promote the discovery of novel enzymes and the identification of potential therapeutic inhibitors and chaperones.
Highlights
Plant Metabolites and Their GlycosylationPlants provide nutrition and the human body has evolved to thrive optimally on this nourishment
Natural plant-derived glycosides are used for various therapeutic purposes
The therapeutic value of infusion of glycosidases in treatment of inherited deficiencies in man has been demonstrated for a number of diseases
Summary
Plants provide nutrition and the human body has evolved to thrive optimally on this nourishment. Most of these enzymes are retaining exo-glycosidases (Coutinho et al, 2003). Examples are cyanogenic glycosides produced by plants These consist of an α-hydroxynitrile group attached to a sugar moiety, often a Dglucose (Vetter, 2000). M. esculenta, produces the cyanogenic glycosides linamarin and lotaustralin and consumption may cause severe pathology (Kamalu, 1991; Kamalu, 1993) Another example of regulating biological activity by glycosylation is provided by glycosylated phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), cytokinins (CKs), brassinosteroids (BRs), salicylic acid, and gibberellin that regulate growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses (Gachon et al, 2005). ABPs label glycosidases cross-species due to the highly conserved catalytic pockets and find many applications like discovery of glycosidases in several organisms, diagnosis of inherited lysosomal glycosidase deficiencies, visualization of tissue distribution and subcellular localization of endogenous and exogenous (therapeutic) glycosidases and the identification of therapeutic inhibitors and chaperones
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