Place of the Radcliffe Wave in the Local System

In this Essay, we explore the phenomenon of localized property systems and the interactions of such localized property systems with property law. Our Essay aims to provide the beginnings of an exploration of localized property systems and translation problems, rather than a complete survey. In our exploration, we look both at the local systems themselves, and at their implications for our broader understanding of the world of property. We begin by showing the ubiquity of localized property systems. Some appear quite exotic, such as the informal property rights in favelas in Brazil, collective property rights in kibbutzim in Israel, or even virtual property rights in computer games. Others localized property systems are quite mundane, such as the quasi-property rights in urban parking spaces, or the agreed-upon property arrangements among roommates. In all events, localized property systems serve some need of the localized property users. The localized systems may be due to lower transaction costs thanks to ongoing relationships (roommates), ideological preferences (kibbutzim), flaws in property law or its satellite regulatory systems (favelas) or a variety of other reasons. Whatever the reasons for the localized property systems, they are not costless. All localized property systems entail translation costs with the wider state property systems around them. Translation costs result from incompatibilities, as well as information and enforcement costs. One way of understand the phenomenon of localized property systems is through the economics of network effects. Property law systems, like other legal systems, have greater utility with greater numbers of adherents. These network effects, and the translation costs entailed in using localized property systems, create pressure for localized property systems to converge with the larger state property systems around them. But pressures for convergence may be resisted. Convergence is itself costly. The costs of transitioning may bar convergence, or the continued utility of the localized property system may render convergence not cost-effective. Additionally, politics may block efficacious convergences of property systems. One potential insight stemming from our analysis is in the theory of commons property: translation costs must be taken into account when examining collective action solutions to tragedies of the commons.

Chronic osteomyelitis is a challenging disease due to its serious rates of mortality and morbidity while the currently available treatment strategies are suboptimal. In contrast to the adopted systemic treatment approaches after surgical debridement in chronic osteomyelitis, local drug delivery systems are receiving great attention in the recent decades. Local drug delivery systems using special carriers have the pros of enhancing the feasibility of penetration of antimicrobial agents to bone tissues, providing sustained release and localized concentrations of the antimicrobial agents in the infected area while avoiding the systemic side effects and toxicity. Most important, the incorporation of osteoinductive and osteoconductive materials in these systems assists bones proliferation and differentiation, hence the generation of new bone materials is enhanced. Some of these systems can also provide mechanical support for the long bones during the healing process. Most important, if the local systems are designed to be injectable to the affected site and biodegradable, they will reduce the level of invasion required for implantation and can win the patients’ compliance and reduce the healing period. They will also allow multiple injections during the course of therapy to guard against the side effect of the long-term systemic therapy. The current review presents different available approaches for delivering antimicrobial agents for the treatment of osteomyelitis focusing on the recent advances in researches for local delivery of antibiotics. HIGHLIGHTS Chronic osteomyelitis is a challenging disease due to its serious mortality and morbidity rates and limited effective treatment options. Local drug delivery systems are receiving great attention in the recent decades. Osteoinductive and osteoconductive materials in the local systems assists bones proliferation and differentiation Local systems can be designed to provide mechanical support for the long bones during the healing process. Designing the local system to be injectable to the affected site and biodegradable will reduces the level of invasion and win the patients’ compliance.

Exploring hydrological system performance for alpine low flows in local and continental prediction systems

SUMMARYPosition information is of vital importance in the various applications in energy‐constrained wireless sensor networks. It has to design a localization mechanism considering both precision and energy consumption factors. In this paper, we propose a hybrid localization system in wireless sensor networks, which is composed of coarse‐grained localization system and fine‐grained localization system. The coarse‐grained localization system takes the wireless signal strength as the reference for distance and gets the rough region as the unknown node. The fine‐grained localization system is in charge of location refinement that takes image to localize the unknown node with camera sensor nodes. On the basis of the hybrid localization system, we furthermore design a hybrid tracking system for localizing a moving object. Finally, we build up a test bed to conduct experiments with our developed sensor network. The experiment results show that the proposed hybrid localization and tracking system can achieve high position precision and low energy consumption. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

By some estimates, underfunded public retirement systems in the United States represent liabilities that could impose $4 trillion on taxpayers and municipal employees, depending on how governments choose to respond to shortfalls resulting from a system’s inability to meet its pension obligations. While there has been a wide range of responses (and nonresponses) to state and local pension underfunding, it is instructive to examine Massachusetts, where in 2007, the state government enacted legislation to identify underperforming local systems and require them to cede control of their pension investments to the state’s Pension Reserves Investment Management (PRIM). The decade that has passed since enactment of this reform provides an opportunity to evaluate its economic impact. This article evaluates and quantifies the effect that PRIM management has had on the investment returns received by the local systems that transferred assets to PRIM after 2007, with a focus on within-system effects. Results indicate that underperforming local systems received substantial benefits from the shift to PRIM’s investment management. These findings provide lessons for other states in which locally managed pensions have fallen into a position of severe underfunding. TOPICS:Long-term/retirement investing, pension funds, performance measurement, retirement, wealth management Key Findings • After the Massachusetts state government enacted legislation (“Chapter 68”) in 2007 to identify underperforming local retirement systems, a substantial number of local systems transferred all, or nearly all, of their pension assets to the state’s Pension Reserves Investment Management (PRIM). • It is estimated that, on average, local systems that transferred assets to PRIM experienced an increase in annual gross returns of 8.9 basis points for every 10% of their assets transferred to PRIM. • In dollar terms, it is conservatively estimated that these local systems collectively gained $321 million (nearly 7% of their total unfunded liability in 2016) as a result of transferring their assets to PRIM after the implementation of Chapter 68.

This paper presents design considerations of a GPS-aided localization system for unmanned vehicles used in outdoor applications. The system proposed in this paper is based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and also integrates Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. Localization and navigation systems are base components of all unmanned vehicles since they give unmanned vehicles the ability of perceiving the environment in order to localize themselves and to navigate to a target. The advantage of the proposed system over a GPS based localization system is that the system works even if the GPS receiver does not receive any GPS signals. In this study, firstly proposed EKF-based localization system is explained, and then how to integrate GPS measurements into this localization system is explained. With simulation studies in MATLAB, the effectiveness of the system is shown. The simulations show that the proposed localization system gives accurate results with negligible positional errors.

The Innervation of the heart of the Crustacea. I. Decapoda

Biologically inspired legged robots have great potential both as research tools and as products designed for use in dangerous situations or in places inaccessible to humans. Localization and navigation technology plays a key role in the biologically inspired legged robot research. In this paper, a localization and navigation system of biologically inspired hexapod robot based on the TMS320VC 5509A DSP, Superstar-II GPS receiver and INS device is established. In order to improve the navigation system's real-time performance, Marconi Binary serial data communication protocol is used for GPS data receiving. Centralized open-loop Kalman filter, whose input is GPS/INS devices' output, is applied in the robot's localization and navigation system. Mathematical modeling of the robot's navigation and localization system is established according to the robot's locomotion performance and measurement demand. The experimental results demonstrate that the navigation and localization system's real-time performance and the navigation precision are improved effectively.

An indoor localization and monitoring system for robots and people is an important issue in robotics research. Although several monitoring systems are currently under development by previous investigators, these issues remain significant difficulties. For instance, the pyroelectric IR (PIR) system provides less accurate information of human location and is restricted when there are multiple targets. Furthermore, the RF localization system is constrained by its limited accuracy. In this study, we propose an indoor localization and monitoring system based on a wireless and PIR (WPIR) sensory fusion system. We develop a sensor-network-based localization method called the WPIR inference algorithm. This algorithm determines the fused position from both the PIR localization system and RF signal localization system, which utilize the received signal strength propagation model. We have developed and experimentally demonstrated a WPIR sensory fusion system, which can be successfully applied in localizing multiple targets based on two robots and two people in this study. With an accurate localization mechanism for the indoor environment, the provision of appropriate services for people can be realized.

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, location-based services have been widely applied in the construction of smart cities. Satellite-based location services have been utilized in outdoor environments, but they are not suitable for indoor technology due to the absence of global positioning system (GPS) signal. Therefore, many indoor localization technologies and systems have emerged by utilizing many other signals. In particular, fingerprinting localization has recently garnered attention because its promising performance. In this work, we aim to study recent indoor localization technologies and systems based on various fingerprints, which use machine learning and intelligent algorithms. We also present the architecture of intelligent localization. The development of indoor localization technology should have the ability of self-adaptation and self-learning in the future. And the architecture shows how to make localization become more “smart” by advanced techniques. The state-of-the-art localization systems’ working principles are summarized and compared in terms of their localization accuracy, latency, energy consumption, complexity, and robustness. We also discuss the challenges of existing indoor localization technologies, potential solutions to these challenges, and possible improvement measures.

Indoor local positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. Similar to the evolution of wireless communication systems, the variety, functionality and performance of indoor localization systems are increasing. A wide field of usability like in medical, industrial, logistics and transportation systems is possible. Localization data not only allows diverse applications, but also requires highly accurate and energy efficient localization systems with low costs and a highly integrated structure. In this context, FMCW (frequency modulated continuous wave) radar enables spectral efficient and accurate positioning together with basic communication schemes like frequency shift keying [1], [2]. Although high performance is a key element, small sizes and low power consumption of the systems are appreciated more often due to the flexibility of small battery operating localization modules. To reach this power efficiency new system structures for the localization system are necessary. For speed improvement as well as size and power consumption reduction a combined divider structure of CMOS and TSPC (true single phase clock) logic is shown in this paper.

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is implementing an extensive beam position feedback system for both global and local stabilization of particle and photon beams based on digital signal processing. The description and operational experience of the system will be given in this paper. In particular, we will discuss the underlying fundamental principles, hardware layout, controls interface, and automatic software generation for multiple digital signal processors (DSPs) distributed in 20 VME crates around the ring. The feedback system runs at 4-kHz sampling frequency in order to achieve the correction bandwidth of approximately 100 Hz. For the maximum correction efficiency and resolution of conflicts among multiple local feedback systems due to the local bump closure error, the global and local feedback systems are combined into a single unified system. This novel approach is made possible through data sharing among the global and local systems via the fiber-optically networked reflective memories.

Our main purpose is to analyse the evolution experienced by a local productive system based on SMEs specialising in a traditional food segment: the nougat sector. This local system has undergone a serious crisis in the last decade due to a variety of factors. The Xixona SMEs have failed to behave as a real local productive system, fully integrated and benefiting from scale and agglomeration economies. In our empirically-based study on 21 Xixona SMEs, we look into the reasons that explain their failure to understand the nature of change, and we provide a Strategic Innovation Programme, which in our view, would help to convert the present Xixona productive system into an authentic local productive system.

Serotonin is not only a neurotransmitter, but also an important humoral regulator of various physiological processes outside the central nervous system. In the last decade, the concept of local serotonergic systems in peripheral organs, where serotonin realizes its effects via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, has been developing. Such local systems have already been described in the pancreas, thymus, mammary gland, and bone marrow. We consider that a similar local serotonergic system is also characteristic of the adrenal glands. These paired organs are a key component of the mammalian endocrine system, providing a complex physiological response to stress. The adrenal glands consist of two parts distinct in origin and function – the cortex and medulla, while serotonin plays an important role in regulation of hormone secretion in both of these structures. This review is aimed to analyze the structure of the local serotonergic system in the adrenal gland, as well as its role both in the regulation of adrenal functions in adult animals and in the formation of adrenals in embryogenesis. Analysis of the available data suggests that local serotonergic systems makes an organ susceptible to fluctuations in the level of serotonin circulating in the blood at all stages of ontogenesis. Thus, local sensitivity to serotonin provides the possibility of systemic humoral coordination of the development and functioning of the adrenal glands and other peripheral organs. From this perspective, the importance of local serotoninergic systems for developmental biology and medicine gains insight.

History: Many devices for localizing and monitoring the patient have been developed over the past few years. These devices come as a result of better hardware and software to delivery highly conformal radiation. This task group was commissioned by the AAPM to make recommendations about the quality assurance and use of non-radiographic localization and monitoring systems. These systems include camera based systems, RF guidance systems, and laser alignment systems. General Outline of Report: The report addresses systems that do not use radiographic localization and specifically describes several systems that are commercially available. Some commercially available systems that are described in this report are Calypso System, VisionRT AlignRT, LAP Galaxy, and C-Rad Sentinel; however the report is written in such as a way as to be used for other systems as they may come available. The primary purpose of these devices is to align the patient to the correct location for treatment. QA recommendations of the report focus on installation recommendations as these systems are peripheral to the linear accelerator system, but must interface with all aspects of the radiotherapy workflow. Some specific issues in multi-vendor installs are addressed. The major component of the report focuses on commissioning of these types of devices and on the routine QA of patient localization systems. Major Highlights: For non-radiographic localization systems it is important that the system be installed properly relative to the machine isocenter. In order to do this, the linear accelerator mechanical QA should be performed and modifications performed as necessary. As part of the initial install of these peripheral types of localization equipment, a testing of the various communications between systems is important. The report also makes recommendations for testing the integrity of the radiation delivery system following the addition of equipment. The primary tool for QA of the localization system is the end to end test that can give the overall localization accuracy for the device in conjunction with traditional imaging and treatment planning. Recommendations about patient monitoring and tracking are also addressed. Report as it relates to TG-100: This report makes recommendation on QA to insure that the localization system is working properly. These recommendations could be included in the institutions FEMA analysis in accordance with TG 100. Timeline for report Release: This report is to be submitted for review this summer and should be available for release sometime in 2010. Learning Objectives: 1. The audience should be able to identify the types of localization devices included in TG147 2. The audience should be able to describe the general practice of patient localization and how to implement a localization device 3. The audience should be able to describe how to setup and perform an end to end test with a localization device and record the devices overall localization accuracy.