Pine-to-Bioenergy: Potential of pine sap as adhesive and pine flower biomass waste in the production of biobriquettes

Abstract

Pine-flower biomass waste is abundant, but its utilization is still lacking. This research converts pine-flower waste into biobriquettes by using pine resin adhesive. This study aims to identify the effect of pine resin adhesive concentration and the effect of grain size on the quality of the resulting biobriquettes. The production of biobriquettes begins by processing pine flower waste into biochar using the pyrolysis method at 400 °C. Biochar from pinecones was ground and sieved into sizes (250, 500, and 750 µm). Then proximate analysis (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon), and heating value were performed. Making biobriquettes using pine resin adhesive with different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) of the total mixture According to the results, the ideal grain size was 750 m, the adhesive concentration was 15%, and the moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and heating value were all respectively 2.23%, 4.51%, 30.23%, 70.04%, and 23.34 MJ/kg, and the longest flame was also determined to be 0.0250 g/sec. All of them comply with universally accepted biobriquette standards (Indonesian National Standard 01–6235–2000), Japanese, English, and ISO 17225. Biobriquettes have potential applications in bioenergy products. Investigation of the economic feasibility of biobriquette production seen from Profit on Sales is 26.43%, Rate on Investment is 34.00%, Pay Out Time is 2.47 years, and Break Event Point is 49.22%.