Pilisszentiván-Hárs-erdő 2024

We shall discuss here the bronze cauldron discovered in 1932 in the perimeter of the Daco-Getae settlement of Piatra Șoimului (Calu). The vessel was dated by R. Vulpe to the 3rd century AD and the 1st century BC by Gh. Bichir. According to its features, the Piatra Șoimului (Calu) cauldron belongs to type VI, variation 1, subvariation A in S. I. Demidenko’s typology. Although the earliest cauldrons of type VI.1.A come from a series of features of the second half of the 2nd century – end of the 1st century BC, they are mainly specific to the mid Sarmatian period, the majority originating in graves dated to the second half of the 1st century – early 2nd century AD. The Piatra Șoimului (Calu) cauldron is the single vessel of the type from the space between the Dnieper and the Carpathians, while the closest parallel is the vessel of Boguslav, a place located to the left of the Dnieper. The remaining cauldrons in type VI (over 60 specimens), come from territories in the Don river basin, the Kuban region and the area of the lower Volga river course. Upon the analysis of the Sarmatian date cauldron finds from Ukraine and the R. of Moldova, the author notes their small number and the fact they belong to types specific to the mid Sarmatian period, representing, together with other item classes, one of the innovations of this period (1st century – mid 2nd century AD). Furthermore, it is mentioned that most come from features and contexts with a marked eastern nature of the period between the second half of the 1st century – first half of the 2nd century AD. Considering that most cauldrons in type Demidenko VI were discovered in territories inhabited by the Alani Aorsi and Siraces and based on the dating of features containing identical cauldrons and the Sarmatians’ entry and settlement of the north and north-west Pontic area, the author concludes that the Piatra Şoimului (Calu) vessel, beside the other cauldrons specific to the mid Sarmatian period from the north and north-west of the Black Sea, reached the east Carpathian area sometime in the second half of the 1st century AD and by no means later than the events by early 2nd century AD.

The hieratic complex Taraktash is located on the slopes of a mountain ridge with the same name, 3 km north to Sudak on the South-Eastern shore of the Crimea. The dig conducted in 1995 and in 2002—2008 on the slopes of Taraktash Mountain uncovered three shrines. Several complexes of adobe buildings were revealed and studied in the vicinity, resting on stone foundations (Taraktash-1 settlement) on the western and southern slopes of the Taraktash. The hieratic structure Taraktash-I is dated within 50s — turn of 4th—5th centuries AD; the hieratic structure Taraktash-II is dated within 150s — 250s AD, with some individual finds from the 4th century AD; the hieratic structure Taraktash-III is dated within a short interval in the 2nd century AD. In 2020, the author analyzed the ceramic finds from the digs of 2002—2008 and, based on chronologies of some types of amphorae and red-lacquered vessels, provided more precise dates for emergence and disappearance of the hieratic structures in Sudak valley during the Roman Time and the Great Migrations.

The tomb monuments handled in this paper are located in the Olba region, east of Rough Cilicia. It is common for the tomb monuments which are named as D1 and D2 that they have a prostylos plan. Architrave and frieze are worked out of the same block and the upper construction elements show parallelities to each other. Both possess pediments. Besides there similarities, differences between the two tombs are obvious: The capitals of the columns of D1 are Ionic, those of D2 are Doric. D1 has a burial chamber constructed of carved stones. On the other hand the burial chamber of D2 is carved out of the main rock and has the cha­racteristics of a rock-cut tomb. The D1 tomb has a gable roof and a pediment. The roof of this tomb consists of plain blocks streched from one arch to the other. Over these blocks rest the gable formed roof blocks. Therefore this monument is a temple tomb in all its details. Furthermore the burial chamber shows the typical decoration of a temple tomb. By D2 the pediment was intended only for the front part and seems not to have a gable behind. D2 just imitates monumental tombs, itself being a rock-cut tomb. One of the most important criteria for the dating of the tombs are the Ionic capitals of D1. The par­allels for these capitals in Anatolia are dated between the late 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The other tombs with Ionic capitals in the Olba region are also dated to the same period. Two of these are the temple tombs in Imbriogon Kome with Ionic capitals on the lower columns. The roof co­nstruction of these temple tombs stand also with their roof construction close to tomb D1. The third tomb with Ionic capital is a rock-cut tomb and should not be dated earlier than the 2nd century AD. The given facts point to early 3rd century AD for D1. It is possible to offer the same date also for D2 because of the similarities.

This article treats the southern part of Pontic Olbia, where in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD internal fortifications were erected. The arrangement of the buildings there has been investigated and the lay-out of the structures excavated over the last forty years has been analysed. Individual finds have been examined and also the extent to which they correspond to the main elements in the material culture of Roman military camps within the European limes, particularly those within the Danubian provinces closest to Olbia. The conclusion has been drawn to the effect that the southern part of Olbia in the 2nd century AD and the first half of the 3rd was indeed a citadel, which housed a contingent of auxiliary troops and which could with every justification be compared to an auxiliary fort.

Chinese mirrors from the burials of the nomads of Eastern Europe of the second half of the 1st millennium BC-first centuries AD: Typology, chronology, distribution and technology of manufacture

Galen on “syncope”

Статья посвящена результатам исследования участка некрополя I–II вв. н. э. укрепленного посе- ления Городище 11 км, обнаруженного при археологических исследованиях ОАН «Курганная группа Алек- сандровские скалы 1». Общая площадь исследованных участков составила 6364 кв. м, где было исследовано 244 погребения. Помимо погребений I–II вв. н. э. под насыпью кургана 1 были обнаружены погребения, совер- шенные в катакомбах II тыс. до н. э. На вершине скального массива кургана 2 под основательно разрушенной каменной конструкцией выявлено центральное погребение кургана IV–III вв. до н. э. This article is devoted to the results of a study carried out at a section of the necropolis of the Ist- 2nd century AD at the fortified settlement of Gorodisha, found during OAS archaeological investigations at the ‘Earthwork Group of Alexandrovskie Cliffs I’ site. The overall area of site surveyed was 6364 square metres, and 244 burials were located. In addition to burials from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, a further burial was found in catacombs dates to the 2nd millenium BC, under rockfill from the earthwork. At the top of the rock structure of Earthwork II. below the ruins of a stone structure, the central burial mound of the 4th–3rd centuries BC was located.

This article is devoted to analyzing 24 fibulae originating from the Ust-Kamensk kurgan cemetery. Typologically, these finds are not very diverse. The bow fibulae (18 pieces) are the most numerous among them. Hinged arc-shaped brooches (3 pieces) and military clasps (2 pieces) are represented in a significantly smaller number. The spring fibulae with the button at the end of the continuous lamellar receiver are observed only in one fibula. The overwhelming majority of the specified decorations (21 pieces) form a single chronological group dated according to different chronological schemes to the second – third quarters or the second half of the 1st century – early 2nd century AD. Only three pieces do not belong to this group: two military fibulae date back to an earlier period and one spring fibulae with the button on the receiver end was made later. Taking into account modern research, military brooches cannot date back later than the early 1st century AD. The brooch with the button on the receiver dates back to the first half – middle of 2nd century AD. Considering that fibulae are the most reliable and precisely dated indicators in the inventory of the Ust-Kamensk kurgan cemetery, their dating can be confidently extended to the chronology of the whole burial ground. Thus, the monument was used for at least 100 years, from the early 1st century AD up to the first half – the middle of the 2nd century AD, but not just in the middle of the 1st – beginning of the 2nd centuries AD, as it was considered earlier. The majority of fibulae from the Ust-Kamensk collection have possibly been made in Olbia or delivered through it from the Roman provinces. Only the military brooches and the spring fibulae with the button on the receiver end, apparently, are of a different origin.

The article focuses on the chronological analysis of the Maeotian burials, which contained ring-topped swords. Nowadays, there is a wide range of dating of this type of weapon starting from the 1st century BC until the 2nd century AD. Recently, as a result of new excavations, the collection of swords of this type extracted from the Maeotian sites on the right bank of the Kuban river has increased significantly, and it has become possible to clarify their chronology in the region. There were found two types of swords and daggers with a ring pommel (62 pieces): I – with a straight barshaped cross-guards; II – no cross-guards. There are also 2 types of blade shape. Swords with a bar-shaped (45 pieces) prevail quantitatively as a result of those excavations. Swords of this type were discovered only in the necropolis of the Spornoye settlement. On the contrary, there was only a single dagger of type II among 11 swords found at the Elizavetinskaya cemetery No. 2. Most of the well-dated assemblages come from the cemeries of the Spornoye, Starokorsunskaya No. 2 and Elizavetinskaya No. 2 settlements. Only two swords are classified as the earliest pieces, which can be referred to the first half of the 1st century BC, according to the accompanying inventory. Another 8 assemblages are dated around the 1st century BC. It is typical of burials containing swords of the 1st century AD to show the presence of fibulae (“Aucissa” type, enamel-less hinged type, etc.), glass cast skyphos and other dating objects, which help to specify the chronology of the assemblages in many cases. Five burials belong to the first half of the 1st century AD, other 11 burials are dated back to the second half of the 1st century AD. The chronology of the rest assemblages is questionable, but only a few burials can be dated to the beginning – the first half of the 2nd сentury AD. The swords with ring pommel of the Maeotians from the right Kuban bank prevail in the period from the 1st century BC – the beginning of the 2nd century AD. The latter, most probably indicates that this type of swords with s straight cross-guard was borrowed from the Sarmatians.

Here we report on a stable isotope palaeodietary study of a Imperial Roman population interred near the port of Velia in Southern Italy during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses were performed on collagen extracted from 117 adult humans as well as a range of fauna to reconstruct individual dietary histories. For the majority of individuals, we found that stable isotope data were consistent with a diet high in cereals, with relatively modest contributions of meat and only minor contributions of marine fish. However, substantial isotopic variation was found within the population, indicating that diets were not uniform. We suggest that a number of individuals, mainly but not exclusively males, had greater access to marine resources, especially high trophic level fish. However, the observed dietary variation did not correlate with burial type, number of grave goods, nor age at death. Also, individuals buried at the necropolis at Velia ate much less fish overall compared with the contemporaneous population from the necropolis of Portus at Isola Sacra, located on the coast close to Rome. Marine and riverine transport and commerce dominated the economy of Portus, and its people were in a position to supplement their own stocks of fish with imported goods in transit to Rome, whereas at Velia marine exploitation existed side-by-side with land-based economic activities.

The publication is devoted to the discovery, historical, cultural and artistic interpretation of unique artifacts of the art of carving on the horn dated by the time of the state of Kangju I in the 1st century BC — 2nd century AD. from South Kazakhstan. For the first time in the archeology of Kazakhstan, in the catacomb burial of the Kylyshzhar burial ground, two median horn overlays were found on the handle of the “M”-shaped reflexive bow with subjects of social and semantic-ritual content, made by highly artistic carving (engraving) on the horn. One of them reflects the hunting scene of a noble Kangju man. It depicts a rider-nomad of oriental appearance in the pose of a low-seated jockey on a horse-mare, who shoots from a bow, hunting argali driven by a long pursuit. The shooter has the regalia of power, is armed with a bow and its auxiliary attributes (reserve bow, solidly lit quiver with a set of combat arrows). Another plot shows a group of argali hunted by a ‘bear-lion’, a mythical polymorphic creature: the animals tend to elude this ‘beast’, which grabbed one individual in a throw and is readyto devour it. Both compositions are united by hunting into a single sacred action, in which a person (a horse rider with high authority in the society of nomads with a status close to a deity) and a mythical ‘bear-lion’ (also a deity) participate — as characters endowed with special social and religious functions — in the hunt for argali, the animals that embody the global deity farn (hvarnah) among the Iranian-speaking peoples of Central Asia and South Kazakhstan. The archaeological finds that accompany the these plates, as well as the chrono-indicators presented by similar historical and cultural content of the plots, the technique of making artifacts from horn, bone, allow us to determine the chronology of products within the 1st century BC — 2nd century AD.

A young woman’s skeleton dating back to the Meotian archaeological culture was studied during the investigation of the paleoanthropological series of the burial ground of the Starokorsunsky settlement No. 2. The burial ground is located in the Krasnodar Territory and is dated to the 4th century BC – 2nd century AD, while the burial under discussion dates back to the 2nd century BC – 2nd century AD. A trepanation hole with signs of healing was found on the skull of a young female of 17–25 years of age. In order to describe the pathological changes recorded on the cranial vault recommendations applied in modern paleoanthropology were used. Differential diagnosis was performed using descriptive macroscopic and X-ray diagnostic methods. It was possible to establish that the trepanation hole was made at least several years before the death of the individual. We suggested that the reason for the operation could be early synostosis of the skull sutures, and this manipulation was designed to reduce intracranial pressure and headaches caused by it. The article discusses the likely origins of medical skills for surgical manipulation. It is concluded that so far the data obtained do not allow us to speak unequivocally about the acquisition of medical knowledge by Meots from residents of the Asian Bosporus or from the Sarmatian environment.

It is generally believed that Mahan was founded before the 2nd century BC. According to historical records, Mahan began with King Jun's migration and settlement in the Iksan area. Since there are not many cases that have been investigated in relation to the residential areas with living remains, few facts of them are known accurately. The tombs constructed include wooden coffin tombs with stone mound, pit tombs, and jar coffin tombs. Out of them, however, wooden coffin tombs with stone mound and pit tombs from an early period are sporadically identified, and the mainly excavated relics are bronze ware. Following the southward transfer of King Jun, a large group of tombs were constructed as in Madong, and the relics excavated are featuring both bronze and iron ware. In light of this, it can be said that the Mahan society in the Iksan region during the establishment period developed by actively accepting advanced civilization. Around the 1st century, the Mahan society in the Iksan region faced a period of stagnation, and villages began to be built in full swing after the 2nd century AD, reaching a peak in the 3rd to 4th centuries AD. Large-scale settlements appeared in places like Sadeok and Jangshin and small- and medium-sized villages were formed and organically connected to each other around the large-scale settlements in the center. As for tombs, mounded tombs with an encircling ditch began to be built in earnest, and it can be seen as the developing period of Mahan culture.. The Mahan culture in the Iksan area sustained even after Baekje territorialization. Such dwellings as four-pillar and non-four-pillar types of Mahan culture continued and, in some dwellings, fire pits made of plate stone and utensils which can be seen as Baekje elements appear and Baekje pottery is found in the sites of dwellings. Furthermore, dwelling sites with pillars used for walls related to the center of Baekje made an entrance. Tombs of the Mahan tradition also continued to be built even after Baekje territorialization. However, the stone chamber or stone-lined tomb related to the center of Baekje were employed for burial body and the grave goods changed to Baekje pottery, while Baekje pottery was excavated within the burial mound. In the areas of Ipjeom-ri and Ungpo-ri, the lower reaches of the Geumgang River, stone- built tombs of Baekje style were built in the mid-5th century, an evidence confirming that Baekje first took control of the lower Geumgang River, an important waterway transportation route and gateway. After the Gwangam-ri area in the middle of the Mangyeong River basin first became Baekje territory, Baekje central culture seemed to have entered the surrounding areas, too.

Ships and boats form the foundations of the maritime connectivity that is a central part of our understanding of the ancient Mediterranean. While the general chronological sequence of sail and sailing-rig development is well established, the implications are less-well discussed. This article sets out how sails and sailing rigs developed in antiquity, with emphasis on the Greco-Roman world. Subsequently, instances of innovation are defined. Why specific pieces of maritime technology were, or were not, widely adopted is considered. Long-term technological continuity can be comprehended, and a shared maritime culture of sailing in the ancient Mediterranean is suggested.

A surgical amputation in 2nd century Rome