Pierwsze damy III Rzeczypospolitej. Portret zbiorowy. Część II

The purpose of this article is to present the biographies of the first ladies of the Third Polish Republic: Barbara Jaruzelska, Danuta Walesa and Jolanta Kwasniewska, as women who had a significant impact on the lives and activities of their spouses while they served as President of the Republic of Poland. It is an attempt to synthetically analyze their private lives, their scientific lives and their socio-political involvement. It seeks answers to the questions of whether the role of the first lady has been overestimated, and whether the balance of gains and losses has always been an added value for the president’s wife herself, as well as her loved ones.

Housework is hard work. Keeping our homes clean, tidy and comfortable takes effort and every moment we spend on housework (that we would prefer to avoid) means we have less time to devote to our private lives. Over the past two decades, numerous companies have created robots designed to relieve their owners of housework. Having robots take care of housework for us, it seems, would enable us to focus our energy at home on private pursuits we find valuable, such as spending quality time with our loved ones, recreation, and relaxation. Although this line of reasoning helps explain why domestic robots are in high demand, this article will contest its validity throughout. By drawing from historical accounts of older, ostensibly labour-saving domestic technologies, it will argue that we should expect domestic robots to alter the nature of housework rather than reduce the need for it. Overall, it will argue that domestic robots change what needs to be done for their owners to enjoy their private lives.

Holding Still: The Private Life of an Air Raid

In the Second Polish Republic, only professors and associate professors (docents) working atuniversities were referred to as academics. This paper presents issues related to theiremployment. In the interwar period, the rules for employing academics were stated in the lawsof academic schools. There were two such acts at the time, which defined the rules for promotion to associate and full professorships. The manner of the appointment was based on the existence of a limited number of such chairs. All professorships were set up by the Polish government. The laws of academic schools also described the habilitation procedure, which led to receiving permission to lecture and use the academic title of docent. In this paper, general reflections on hiring academic teachers at universities are supported by examples fromStefan Batory University. I determined the size of the two employed groups, professors and docents, at the University between the wars. 138 persons worked there as professors—the largest number in 1937–38—and 70 were docents, with a maximum in one academic year of 11. I also describe issues regarding their scientific research (philosophers, literature specialists, and the academics from the Faculty of Medicine had the greatest achievements) and didactic and organizational work, as well as their salaries. I devote some attention to their private lives and non-academic activities as well (especially in relation to the most famous among them). My deliberations are based on archives and printed sources generated by SBU.

The purpose of the article is to attempt a comprehensive study of modern Ukrainian historiography, the forms and directions of the organization of scientific activity of Ukrainian intellectuals who worked in interwar Poland. The research methodology relies on the use of an interdisciplinary approach. Based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, the research has d the structural-functional systematic analysis of historiographical facts and the comparative-historical method. The article has used the heuristic possibilities of periodisation, classification and typology methods. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive analysis of the historiography of the research of Ukrainian scientific life in the Second Polish Republic. Conclusions. The conducted historiographical analysis proved its considerable popularity among modern researchers of various aspects of the problems of the Ukrainian scientific movement in the Second Polish Republic. Scientists, updating the previously unknown materials in Ukrainian and foreign archives, consistently work out numerous institutional, problem-thematic, personalistic, archival and bibliographic subjects of this multifaceted topic. As a result, an impressive circle of diverse literature appeared (monographs of articles, reference publications, etc.). At the same time, a clear disciplinary disproportion is noticeable, which consists in the dominance of socio-humanitarian issues, and most of all - historiographical. This situation is explained by its more effective instrumentality in the contemporary struggle of Ukrainians for their national and cultural rights. Therefore, it is time to balance the scientific discourse with works on the contribution of STEM sciences to the national and world science of the interwar twenty years. This will make it possible to discuss the concept and structure of a panoramic study on the phenomenon of Ukrainian science in the Second Polish Republic, which should appear as a collective interdisciplinary project.

ABSTRACTThe era of the Senegalese veteran was bookended by two public events: the elaborate celebrations in Paris and Dakar on July14, 1919 commemorating the soldiers’ contribution to Allied victory, and the death of Abdoylaye Ndiaye, the last surviving soldier, on 10 November 1998. During these eight decades, the French colonial state, its nationalist opponents, and its Senegalese neo-colonial successor sought through a variety of means – including carefully manicured battlefield cemeteries, larger than life statues of heroic soldiers, manifestos calling for civic equality in the colonies in exchange for the performance of military duty, and annual public parades on Armistice and later Senegalese Independence Day – to appropriate, transmit and transmute the image of the veteran across multiplegenerations for their own ends. On a personal level, the Senegalese combatants’ postwar experience was highlighted by three moments: their joyous return home and reunion with their loved ones; their gradual reintegration into Senegalese society – forever separated from others by the lingering trauma of their war-time experiences and the gulf everlastingly differentiating combatants from civilians; and the ongoing insult of receiving an unequal combatants’ pension in old age, which made a mockery of their personal sacrifices. Drawing on the oral histories of more than 80 Senegalese veterans, 60 of their descendants, and extensive archival collections, this piece explores the tensions during their lifetimes between the public representations of the soldiers and the reality of their private lives. Itconcludes that even though the veterans have physically passed from the scene, they have entered into collective mythology, and the memory of their war-time service, as well as its appropriation by others for their own ends, continues to endure.

The two main issues that continue to be in the focus of hot public discussions in Russian society are the Great Patriotic War (the German–Soviet war of 1941–1945, as part of World War II) and the tragedy of Stalinism. While the Great Patriotic War was widely reflected in Soviet literature and cinema, the Stalinist issue was seldom represented in Soviet art. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a period when Soviet and post-Soviet art contributed much to the debates on the Soviet past, and several significant anti-Stalinist films and literary works were created. Since the early 2000s, the cultural situation in Russian society has changed and nostalgia of the Soviet past has spread in the mass consciousness. The purpose of this research is to analyze how the Stalinist past is reconstructed in public memory in contemporary cinema narratives. We arrive at the conclusion that since the 2000s, public interest has drifted from images of war heroism to ordinary people’ lives under Stalin; the contemporary public interest is not the war heroes and famous victims of repressions, but the everydayness of ordinary Soviet citizens who tried to build their private lives, careers, friendships, and family relations under the conditions of pressure from the authorities, spreading fear in the society, shortage of goods, and loss of loved ones. We concentrate on several representative Russian TV serials, such as “Liquidation” (2007), “Maryina Roscha” (2012), and “Leningrad, 46” (2014–2015), because all of them are devoted to the first year of the Soviet peaceful life in different Soviet cities, such as Odessa, Moscow, and Leningrad.

In the midst of all the happenings in nursing news, it is sometimes helpful to step backwards and take a longer view on events. In my private time, I read a great deal of modern history and I often reflect on the lessons for contemporary life that we can learn from the past. Frequently, these concern the impact of political events on people's individual lives, and on their physical and mental health. Two aspects of a book on private life in Stalin's Russia (Figes 2007) have recently impressed me greatly. First, despite the almost unimaginable oppression, separation and trauma experienced by many (and deaths of millions) during those years of the 20th Century, some individuals did manage, incredibly, to reclaim their lives and those of their loved ones. If it is possible to generalise from such terrible events, and at the risk of gross over-simplification, it seems that the ability to retain one's personal integrity was often sustained by the past experience of a loving family life. Letters may never have been delivered, and indeed the addressee may have been long dead, but the memory of those close bonds was sometimes sufficient to enable individuals to re-build their lives after the terror was over. The second aspect of Figes' book, The Whisperers, is directly relevant to nursing research; for it relates how the author validated experiences remembered over a time interval of sometimes sixty years and when the average age of those giving interviews was eighty. In an Afterword, Figes describes the methodology of the project. He searched the archives for private papers about family life and then the research team conducted interviews (approximately 500) with the people who had donated them. He tells of his concern to ensure a representative social base; to get people to think reflectively about their lives; and ‘to disentangle direct memories from received impressions and opinions’ (p. 662). He refers to his ‘duty as a historian to tell these people's stories in a way that they can recognise as a truthful reflection of their experiences’ (p. 663). Final drafts were translated into Russian and validated by those interviewed. Finally, most of the materials generated by the project are available on line. This Afterword could be required reading not only for nurse historians but also for those who engage in any qualitative research. Many articles submitted to International Nursing Review justify the validation of their qualitative studies by quoting extracts from well-known research texts. This is understandable, because many of the authors are neophyte researchers who are struggling with the concept of validity in what their interviewees tell them. Sometimes, however, as I have tried to illustrate here, there are important lessons to be learned from apparently unrelated studies. Standing back, taking a long view, and reflecting on what might appear at first to be unconnected research, can sometimes provide the key to apparently insoluble research problems.

Une approche de la fin de vie qui évolue. Réflexions à partir des vingt ans de pratique en soins palliatifs

stories express our sense of self: who we are and how we got that way.-Charlotte Linde, Stories 3(Why) Stories Matter, Part 1The appreciation of stories reaches within and beyond the walls of academe (Boch- ner, Ellis, and Tillmann-Healy; Coles; Sandelowski; Worth). Stories are connected to our sense of ourselves, our relationships with others (Adams, Missing Each Other and Seeking Father; Bochner, Ellis, and Tillmann-Healy), our histories (Boylorn; Goodall), our memories (Herrmann, Losing Things Was Nothing New; Poulos), and our everyday lives. Stories are inherent to experience and emerge through the inevitable utterances that happen during brief and modest exchanges with strangers, as well as during intentional conversations with intimate others. We tell and listen to stories as a way of knowing and making sense of ourselves in the context of other lives and experiences.In this article, I use my personal experiences of reconciling death and loss to reflect on why storytelling is an important part of remembering our loved ones. My goal is to better understand the nuances and intentionality in storying our lives as evidence that we have lived. I also contend that storying others is a way of keeping them alive in the stories we tell.Our stories are not our own, and we constantly negotiate entrances and exits in the stories of others and in the delicate balance between our public and private lives. Our life stories often mimic the way our lives are lived: layered, complicated, interconnected, with blurred lines of distinction. Bochner, Ellis and Tillmann-Healy state: Life and narrative are inextricably and dialectically connected. both anticipates telling and draws meaning from it. Narrative is both about living and part of (312). I argue that narratives remain significant after death and serve as memories and eulogies to lost loved ones.I tell stories to make meaning. I also tell stories to resurrect memories. In the following passages, I reflect on my personal relationships with people who are no longer here. I endeavor to honor the legacy of Bud Goodall, my mentor, by explaining the importance of narrative, offering examples of what narrative writing looks and sounds like and, finally, by linking lessons to stories to illustrate how ubiquitous and necessary storytelling is in our everyday lives and to our storied legacies.My First White FriendAs a child, my personal experiences with white men were scarce. They lived in the television screen, dewy skinned, broad shouldered, and beautiful, but beyond my reach or comprehension. The only real-life white man I knew up close was Robert, the insurance man, who I would later learn was gay and dying of AIDS. His nonheterosexuality and diagnosis with a disease that in the 1980s carried stigma and shame made him more like us (the black folk in our community) than his counterparts. Maybe that is why he was so at home in our house, settling back in the couch instead of sitting on the edge, tasting my grandmother's food, staying for a while instead of just doing the business of collecting the weekly installment. Robert was one of few white folks I encountered on a regular basis growing up (before I went to school) and one of the few that I know my maternal grandmother trusted outright. I missed Robert when he passed away, and his successors never cradled our family like he did. They were there for business, and he, it seemed, was there to visit, to love, to get to know, to stay a while.When reflecting on my relationship to my mentor, I immediately think of Robert the insurance man and the feeling of complete and utter acceptance, allowance, and love I felt as a result of his presence, attention, and time. I would greet him at the door with a hug and walk him to his car when he got ready to leave, where he would pass me a stick of Big Red gum before going to the next house next door. I was too naive to understand racial politics as a child, but I believe I knew it was extraordinary that this white man showed any interest in me, especially when he was the sole white person who visited our house on a regular basis (others included salesmen trying to convince my mother to buy World Book Encyclopedias or overpriced vacuum cleaners). …

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness that centers on the inability to manage emotions effectively. The disorder occurs in the context of relationships: sometimes all relationships are affected, sometimes only one. It usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood. While some persons with BPD are high functioning in certain settings, their private lives may be in turmoil. Most people who have BPD suffer from problems regulating their emotions and thoughts, impulsive and sometimes reckless behavior, and unstable relationships Other disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse and other personality disorders can often exist along with BPD. The diagnosis of BPD is frequently missed and a misdiagnosis of BPD has been shown to delay and/or prevent recovery. Bipolar disorder is one example of a misdiagnosis as it also includes mood instability. There are important differences between these conditions but both involve unstable moods. For the person with bipolar disorder, the mood changes exist for weeks or even months. The mood changes in BPD are much shorter and can even occur within the day. Officially recognized in 1980 by the psychiatric community, BPD is more than two decades behind in research, treatment options, and family psycho-education compared to other major psychiatric disorders. BPD has historically met with widespread misunderstanding and blatant stigma. However, evidenced-based treatments have emerged over the past two decades bringing hope to those diagnosed with the disorder and their loved ones.

Chapter 22 - Surviving Away from the Job

Over the past twenty years, the cultural and social history of the Great War has undergone a profound revitalization and given rise to new areas of research, such as the history of the body and of violence, the relationships between the front lines and the home front, the “cultures of war,“ and religious feeling. At the heart of this approach is an interest in intimacy, or the private life of soldiers and their relationships with their loved ones, an area that has been explored thanks to a new focus on personal archives: letters, diaries, photographs. Taking wartime France as its example, this article analyzes the contributions of this new history of World War I and assesses its methodological issues. The Great War can thus be seen in its full measure, not only as the first conflict conducted on a global scale, but also as a true anthropological turning point, one that caused tremendous upheaval for those who lived through it: new kinds of violence on the battlefields, new mourning rituals, unfamiliar difficulties in reconnecting with private life in the aftermath of the war.

“He's not dead—I know he isn't”

“The Annals of the Society of Friends of Science in Silesia” appeared in the years 1929-1938, as the journal of Society of Friends of Science in Silesia, established in 1920 in Katowice. The purpose of journal was to conduct scientific research on the history and present of Silesia. In the six volumes of the periodical, thanks to authors such as: Wacław Olszewicz, Konstanty Prus and Emil Szramek, scientific, educational, social and economic activity of this region was documented. The content analysis of individual volumes has shown that “The Annals of the Society of Friends of Science in Silesia” are an irreplaceable source of knowledge about the development of scientific and cultural life and its initiators in Upper Silesia during the Second Polish Republic. Therefore, they contribute significantly to the research on the nation’s cultural heritage.