Abstract
Many invasive weeds are known to create their deleterious effects on biological ecosystems and also rhizosphere soils. Weeds such as Cosmos and Xanthium have their existence near agricultural crops fields. Such weeds grow in abundance, releasing specific allelochemicals which have adverse effect on germination rate, physiological patterns and reproduction of crop plants. In present work, allelopathic effects of leaf leachates of Cosmos and Xanthium were observed on seed germination and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum, Vigna radiata and Trigonella foenum-graceum like crops. Seed germination was inhibited at higher concentration at 6% while lower concentrations showed stimulatory effect on Mungbean and Fenugreek from 1%-4% concentrations. But seed germination percentage of Vigna and Trigonella showed 70% and 60% growth in response to leaf leachates of Cosmos at 6% concentration. Triticum showed total inhibition of 40% to both leaf leachates. The qualitative phytochemical analyses showed presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, phenols, tannins and flavonoids. GCMS and IR studies revealed presence of major constituents such as esters, ethers, anhydride and polyalcohols. Cosmos and Xanthium showed the characteristic FTIR fingerprinting regions of various functional groups such as –OH, carbonyl, anhydride, ester and amides. The variations in phytochemicals of these invasive might be attributed to response of the plants to different environmental stresses.
Highlights
Phytotoxic Effects of Leaf Leachates of Invasive Weeds Cosmos sulphureus and Xanthium strumarium on Agricultural Crops
The variations in phytochemicals of these invasive might be attributed to response of the plants to different environmental stresses.The rate of growth of these invasive weeds and their over-dominance is very difficult to control but their huge biomass can be used in sustainable development
Phytochemical analysis is considered as major analytical part for detection of various compounds.These compounds are useful to understand the ecology and stress conditions of plants.Phytochemical analysis conducted on Xanthium strumarium (FarooqUmer, 2014) revealed the presence of similar secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids tanninsand terpenoids but with variations in saponins, glycosides, steroids
Summary
Phytotoxic Effects of Leaf Leachates of Invasive Weeds Cosmos sulphureus and Xanthium strumarium on Agricultural Crops. Such weeds grow in abundance, releasing specific allelochemicals which have adverse effect on germination rate, physiological patterns and reproduction of crop plants. Allelopathic effects of leaf leachates of Cosmos and Xanthium were observed on seed germination and seedling growth of Triticumaestivum, Vignaradiata and Trigonellafoenum-graceumlike crops. Allelopathy majorly is described as any direct or indirect effect of one plant on another plants, animals or microorganismsthrough the production of chemical compounds that escape into the environment and influence the growth and development(Bezuidenhout; 2012, Sangeetha and Bhaskar; 2015, Riceand Pancholy; 1974) This phenomenon encompasses many aspects of physiology, biochemistry, observations and interactions occurring in nature. The effect of any alien or exotic species can cause loss of ecosystem balance, affecting its functioning incurring the loss of biodiversity through release of allelochemicals (Inderjit, 2005) Theyserve only as agents of plant-plant competition during establishment in new ecosystem along with plantmicrobe symbioses
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