Abstract
Abstract This study was conducted to determine the phytoremediation performance of a continuous two-stage constructed wetland system using two tropical plants native to Malaysia (Phragmites karka and Eichhornia crassipes) to remove contaminants from real coffee industry effluent. The coffee effluent used in this study had a pH value of 4.4 with total suspended solids of 399.3 mg/L, colour of 1730 ADMI, and COD and BOD values of 13,000 and 1720 mg/L, respectively. The system was fed continuously with coffee industry effluent at a volumetric flowrate of 4.1 L/day to maintain the hydraulic retention time at 3 days for Phragmites karka and 4 days for Eichhornia crassipes. The two-stage plant system was capable of removing 94%, 79% and 95% of suspended solids, colour and COD, respectively. Phytotechnology undoubtedly has the potential to be used in the treatment of coffee industry effluent.
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