Abstract
The environmental contamination caused by the increasing heavy metal concentrations is becoming more and more serious all over the world. Various anthropogenic activities, including industrial effluents, mining, smelting, and hazardous waste disposal, bring heavy metal contamination of soil. Heavy metals in the soil can be absorbed by plants and then enter the food chain. Many physical, chemical, and biological remediation techniques are available for dealing with the heavy metal contamination problem in the soil. Especially, the phytoremediation using vegetation for in-situ treatment of contaminated soil is one of the most sustainable techniques due to its cost-effectiveness, long-term applicability, environment friendliness, and aesthetic advantages. This chapter summarizes recent literature related to the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with different heavy metals from the viewpoint of the roles of plant physiology and soil characteristics and the phytoremediation strategies. Additionally, the challenges, improving approaches, and future directions towards sustainable phytoremediation are proposed.
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