Abstract
This literature review was completed in 1979 as an outgrowth of previous studies in southern California by Goeden and Ricker (1974a,b, 1975, 1976b,c,d)on the insect ecology of native ragweeds, Ambrosia spp. Spiny clotbur, Xanthium spinosum L., and cocklebur, X. strumarium L., belong to the same tribe (Heliantheae) and subtribe (Ambrosiinae) of the Compositae as ragweeds, as defined in Munz and Keck (1959). These plants also belong to the same tribe as the sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., with which they share a number of phytophagous insects (Hilgendorf and Goeden 1981). Comparative faunistic surveys of spiny clotbur and cocklebur were conducted as part of long-term, ecological investigations by R.D.G. and co-workers of the insect relations of a selected variety of alien and native, terrestrial plant species (especially weeds and their close relatives) in southern California. Results of these companion surveys will be published elsewhere (Hilgendorf and Goeden 1982).
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