Phytomolecules from Cynodon dactylon and Delonix regia has the Potential for Skin Cancer

Solar radiation, especially ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB), can cause damage to the human body, and exposure to the radiation may vary according to the geographical location, time of year and other factors. The effects of UVA and UVB radiation on organisms range from erythema formation, through tanning and reduced synthesis of macromolecules such as collagen and elastin, to carcinogenic DNA mutations. Some studies suggest that, in addition to the radiation emitted by the sun, artificial sources of radiation, such as commercial lamps, can also generate small amounts of UVA and UVB radiation. Depending on the source intensity and on the distance from the source, this radiation can be harmful to photosensitive individuals. In healthy subjects, the evidence on the danger of this radiation is still far from conclusive.

Introduction Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer and is classified in melanoma and non-melanoma cancers, which include basal cell, squamous cell, and Merkel cell carcinoma. Specific microRNAs are dysregulated in each skin cancer type. MicroRNAs act as oncogene or tumor suppressor gene regulators and are actively released from tumor cells in the circulation. Cell-free microRNAs serve many, and possibly yet unexplored, functional roles, but their presence and abundance in the blood has been investigated as disease biomarker. Indeed, specific microRNAs can be isolated and quantified in the blood, usually in serum or plasma fractions, where they are uncommonly stable. MicroRNA levels reflect underlying conditions and have been associated with skin cancer presence, stage, evolution, or therapy efficacy. Areas covered In this review, we summarize the state of the art on circulating microRNAs detectable in skin cancer patients including all the studies that performed microRNA identification and quantification in the circulation using appropriate sample size and statistics and providing detailed methodology, with a specific focus on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Expert Opinion Circulating microRNAs display a relevant biomarker potential. We expect the development of methodological guidelines and standardized protocols for circulating miRNA quantification in clinical settings.

e21559 Background: Patients (PTs) with cutaneous melanoma are at increased risk of developing second primary melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The primary aim of this study was to define the association between MPM and personal history of non-melanoma skin cancers and other non-skin cancers. The secondary aim was to evaluate the association between MPM and the presence of other cancers among first-degree relatives (FDRs). Methods: We performed a retrospective case-control study including cases with MPM and controls with single primary melanoma (SPM) from the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Melanoma Center Biological Sample and Nevus Bank. The proportions and percentages of non-melanoma skin cancer, other non-skin cancer, 1st degree family history of melanoma, and 1st degree family history of other non-melanoma cancers were calculated separately for MPM and SPM groups. Fisher’s exact tests were performed to test whether MPM was associated with these variables. For each significant variable, a multivariable logistic regression model was used to test its association with MPM after adjusting for age, gender, melanoma staging, and smoking status. Results: In total, 311 PTs (39.2% men; median age at initial diagnosis 51years) were enrolled, including 194 with SPM (38.6%; 51) and 117 with MPM (39.8%; 48). 28 (9%) of PTs had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 63 (20%) had basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The most common non-skin cancers in the whole cohort were prostate (4.8%), breast (3.8%), hematological (1.9%), colorectal (1.3%), and cervical cancers (1.3%). FDR history of melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, and other cancers were positive in 15.4%, 7.1% and 46.3% PTs, respectively. The most common non-skin cancers in FDRs were breast, prostate, lung, colorectal and hematological malignancies. In comparison to PTs with SPM, PTs with MPM were more likely to have SCC (14.5% vs 5.7%, p=0.013) but not BCC and other non-skin cancers. FDRs of PTs with MPM had higher prevalence of melanoma (23.1% vs 10.8%, p=0.005), prostate cancer (31.9% vs 5.3%, p=0.0002) but not other non-melanoma skin and non-skin cancers. In multivariate analysis the association remained significant between MPM and SCC (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.6, p=0.032), FDR history of melanoma (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.03-4.1, p=0.042), and FDR history of prostate cancer (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.6-20.3, p=0.008). Conclusions: MPM is associated with higher prevalence of SCC and FDR history of melanoma and prostate cancer, but not BCC and other non-melanoma cancers in comparison to SPM.

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy in the Caucasian population in the Western world. The incidence of the three major types of skin cancer - basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma - continues to increase. Skin cancers are broadly divided into melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Melanoma accounts for 4% of all skin cancers however it is responsible for 80% of deaths from skin cancer. Non melanoma skin cancers are locally destructive and the expense of their removal is a significant economic burden to the healthcare system. Individual risk for skin cancer is due to a combination of risk factors. Well known risk factors include ultraviolet exposure and skin type. In transplant patients immunosuppression plays a major role and squamous cell carcinoma is an important cause of mortality in this group. In the following chapter the relevance of folate metabolism and skin cancer is discussed including our recent findings on the folate metabolic pathway and squamous cell carcinoma in renal transplant patients.

Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Skin cancer is a disease that can cause the loss of the ability to regenerate and protect the skin normally. The types of skin cancer that are known are melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Non-melanoma Basal cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm originating from non-keratinizing cells in the basal layer of the skin's epidermis. The treatment itself is carried out through the application of immunotherapy, namely the use of drug therapy Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1). This study aims to see the effectiveness of PD-L1 Therapy as a treatment for basal cell carcinoma. The focus of the study of the article is the integument system, skin cancer, non-melanoma basal cell carcinoma, and the effect of anti-PD-L1 use. The research method used is a literature review from various sources. Skin cancer Basal cell carcinoma attacks the basal cells of the epidermis, causing disruption. Attacks slowly, but when ignored will spread wider and more severe. Through PD-L1 therapy by binding to PD-1 receptors on immune cells, it causes the activation of T lymphocytes as anti-cancer cells in the body that suppress growth while actively controlling tumor cells. Through the use of PD-L1 therapy in treating cancer that attacks basal cells, it will suppress growth, destroy and shrink cancer cells, and increase the body's immunity against cancer cells.

Increased Incidence Of Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers In Patients With Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Single Institution Experience With 267 Patients From Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

A history of cutaneous malignancies puts patients at an increased risk of developing additional skin cancers, but there is little data available regarding compliance with any recommended follow-up regimens. To report on compliance with physician recommended follow-up regimens among patients diagnosed with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. 105 patients with cutaneous melanoma and 1151 patients with non-melanoma skin cancers diagnosed between December 1996 and December 2001 were identified through biopsy records. The records of all identified patients were then retrospectively reviewed for compliance with physician recommended follow-up regimens over a 60-month period. At 60 months following initial diagnosis, 22.6% of melanoma patients and 19.3% of non-melanoma patients were still continuing follow-up examinations. However, only 10.5% of melanoma patients and 7.2% of non-melanoma patients were compliant with the recommended follow-up schedule. Among melanoma patients, Breslow thickness correlated positively with duration of follow-up (P = 0.03). The frequency of additional primary non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers was positively correlated with duration of follow-up among patients with non-melanoma skin cancers (P ≤ 0.001). Patient compliance with physician recommended follow-up regimens is generally poor; further research and intervention is necessary to identify and address the underlying causes.

Introduction/Objective. The incidence of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) has been increasing over the past decades worldwide. NMSC is the most common cancer in white population and melanoma is one of the deadliest cancers today. The objective of the paper was to determine trends in age-standardized incidence rates of NMSC and melanoma in central Serbia from 1999 to 2013. Method. A descriptive epidemiological study was done. Data about incidence for NMSC and melanoma were obtained from the Serbian Cancer Registry and data about population originating from 1991, 2001, and 2011 censuses. Crude incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants. Direct method of standardization was performed with the world population as the standard. Trend lines were estimated using linear regression. Results. During a 15-year period, the total number of new NMSC cases was 41,719 [21,690 (52%) in men and 20,029 (48%) in women]. There were 5,781 new cases of melanoma [2,969 (51.4%) in men and 2,812 (48.6%) in women]. A significantly increasing incidence trend for NMSC both in men (y = 0.617x + 24.29, R2 = 0.500) and women (y = 0.672x + 0.670, R2 = 0.670) was determined. In the same period, a statistically significant increase of incidence trend for melanoma was determined in men (y = 0.111x + 3.708, R2 = 0.384) and in women (y = 0.098x + 3.375, R2 = 0.409). NMSC was registered in persons of all ages. NMSC incidence increased rapidly in persons older than 50 years. Melanoma predominates in children and adolescents and is registered more frequently than NMSC in persons bellow 60 years of age. Conclusion. Our findings showed significantly increasing trend of age-standardized incidence rates for both NMCC and melanoma. In the observed period, there were 7.2 times more new cases of NMSC than melanoma in the population of central Serbia. There were more registered new cases of NMSC and melanoma in men than in women. Screening of skin cancers and earlier diagnosis may improve treatment and prognosis.

Aim. To justify the proposals for improving the surveillance for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers at the regional level. Materials and Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence of known risk factors for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. In total, 1269 residents of the Altai Krai ≥ 18 years were the study participants; the response rate was 84.6% (1269/1500). Logistic regression was used to test the relationship between the age of the respondents (independent variable) and their visits to the tanning salons (dependent variable). The population attributable risk was used to measure the epidemiological significance of the risk factors in a specific study population. Results. The current system of epidemiological surveillance for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers needs to be supplemented with a routine data collection on the prevalence of known risk factors, among which visiting of the tanning salons has particular importance as a controllable factor which was present in 7.6% (97/1269) respondents. Identification rate regarding this risk factor was higher among the young people (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.93 ÷ 0.97 per an additional year, p <0.0001). Up to 6.2% of melanoma cases and 2.95-7.19% of non-melanoma skin cancers among the population of Altai Krai could be prevented annually by the exclusion of non-medical visits to the tanning salons. The most ultraviolet-susceptible phototypes of the skin (Fitzpatrick I and II) were present in 11.5% (146/1266) and 29.8% (377/1266) of respondents, respectively. Conclusion. Routine assessment of the risk factors of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers can contribute to the efficient surveillance and prevention. Total prevalence of skin phototypes most associated with the risk of developing melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (Fitzpatrick I and II) was about 40%. The most significant controllable risk factor, i.e. visiting tanning salons, was noted only by 7.6% of respondents. The population attributable risk of developing melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers associated with visiting tanning salons was 6.2% and 2.95-7.19% for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers respectively.

Objectives:To assess the prevalence of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer for patients attended King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We are also assessing the most common category of skin cancer to be encountered among those patients.Methods:The authors conducted a retrospective study including all patients (Saudi and non-Saudi) who attended King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) at the period of (2007-2018). Data were collected from archives of Pathology Department at KKUH and categorized into: melanoma skin cancer (MSC), non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which included: basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), pre-neoplastic lesions, and non-neoplastic skin lesions.Results:A total of 111 patients were reported to have skin cancer out of 9828 cases, which had other skin pathology. Majority of cases were basal cell carcinoma with a total number of 76 (68.5%) of all cases. 18 patients (16.2%) were diagnosed with MSC. The remaining 17 patients (15.3%) were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusion:Skin cancer prevalence and incidence is increasing worldwide. In our study, BCC was the most common type of skin cancer to be reported in our institute, which is similar to the majority of other international studies.

Background: Studies have shown that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at risk for several malignancies. However, the national burden of melanoma (MSC) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) amongst the IBD population is not widely available. In this study, our aim is to determine the prevalence and association of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in patients with IBD in the United States population. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study on Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS 2016-2018) was performed in adult US hospitalizations. We identified IBD (Crohn’s Disease-CD and Ulcerative Colitis-UC) using ICD-10 codes. Prevalence MSC and NMSC (squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma) were identified. We performed univariate (unpaired t-test and chi-square) and mixed-effect multivariate regression analyses to identify the prevalence and association of IBD with skin cancers. Results: Out of 87,761,798 USA hospitalizations, 583,765 (0.67%) had CD and 346,515 (0.39%) had UC. Overall prevalence of MSC was 62435 (0.07%), NMSC [squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma] was 4760 (0.01%), 9500 (0.01%) and 4765 (0.01%), respectively. Prevalence of MSC was higher amongst UC (0.13% vs CD: 0.07% vs non-IBD: 0.07%) in comparison without IBD. The prevalence of NMSC was similar (0.01%) in IBD and non-IBD groups. (P < 0.0001) In multivariable regression analysis, we found UC was associated with 51% higher odds (aOR: 1.51, 95%CI 1.22-1.85, P = 0.0001) of having MSC in comparison without IBD. There was no significant association between MSC & CD (0.87, 0.69-1.09, P = 0.2215) and NMSC & IBD (UC: 1.04, 0.58-1.89, P = 0.8867; CD: 1.25, 0.67-2.34, P = 0.4763). Conclusion(s): Our study found an association between melanoma skin cancer with ulcerative colitis. More prospective studies are needed to evaluate this relationship and determine predictors associated with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Early identification of risk factors will help mitigate the burden of IBD-related skin cancers. The limitation of our study was missing clinical data on the severity of IBD, the establishment of causality between IBD and skin cancer, and the relationship with medication use.

The frequency of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer is increasing rapidly in the United States. However, the linkage of these cancers to sun exposure has been questioned because of differences in anatomic site distribution. To obtain insights into the development of these skin cancers, we examined reports of 132 patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), an inherited cancer-prone, DNA repair-deficient disorder with marked clinical and laboratory UV hypersensitivity. Malignant skin neoplasms were present in 70% of the patients with XP at a median age of 8 years, which is 50 years earlier than in the US white population. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma, and 22% had melanoma. The frequency of melanomas, like the frequency of nonmelanoma skin cancers (basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas), anterior eye cancers, and tongue cancers, but unlike that of internal neoplasms, was increased 1000-fold or more in patients with XP who were younger than 20 years. As in the general population, the anatomic distribution of melanomas was different from that of nonmelanomas in the patients with XP. These data suggest that (1) DNA repair plays a major role in the prevention of cutaneous cancers in the general population and (2) sunlight exposure is responsible for the induction of melanoma as well as nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with XP, although acting by different mechanisms for the two types of skin cancer.

Endometriosis has been associated with an increased risk of skin melanoma. However, associations with other skin cancer types and how they compare with melanoma are unclear. Our objective was to prospectively investigate the relationships between endometriosis and risk of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. E3N is a prospective cohort of 98,995 French women aged 40-65years in 1990. Data on surgically confirmed endometriosis and skin cancer diagnoses were collected every 2-3years through self-report, with skin cancer cases confirmed through pathology reports. Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox regression models. Between 1990 and 2008, 535 melanoma, 247 squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), and 1,712 basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) cases were ascertained. Endometriosis was associated with an increased overall risk of skin cancer (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.55). When considering skin cancer type, endometriosis was associated with melanoma risk (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.15-2.35), but not with SCC (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.62-2.36) or BCC (HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.91-1.48) (non-melanoma skin cancers combined: HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.93-1.46), although no heterogeneity was detected across skin cancer types (Phomogeneity=0.13). These data support an association between a personal history of endometriosis and the risk of skin cancer and suggest that the association is strongest for melanoma.

Skin cancer is considered a dangerous type of cancer with a high global mortality rate. Manual skin cancer diagnosis is a challenging and time-consuming method due to the complexity of the disease. Recently, deep learning and transfer learning have been the most effective methods for diagnosing this deadly cancer. To aid dermatologists and other healthcare professionals in classifying images into melanoma and nonmelanoma cancer and enabling the treatment of patients at an early stage, this systematic literature review (SLR) presents various federated learning (FL) and transfer learning (TL) techniques that have been widely applied. This study explores the FL and TL classifiers by evaluating them in terms of the performance metrics reported in research studies, which include true positive rate (TPR), true negative rate (TNR), area under the curve (AUC), and accuracy (ACC). This study was assembled and systemized by reviewing well-reputed studies published in eminent fora between January 2018 and July 2023. The existing literature was compiled through a systematic search of seven well-reputed databases. A total of 86 articles were included in this SLR. This SLR contains the most recent research on FL and TL algorithms for classifying malignant skin cancer. In addition, a taxonomy is presented that summarizes the many malignant and non-malignant cancer classes. The results of this SLR highlight the limitations and challenges of recent research. Consequently, the future direction of work and opportunities for interested researchers are established that help them in the automated classification of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers.