Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activities of Mimosa invisa Mart. leaves and stems

The current study evaluated the phytochemical and biological screening of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). It is a highly invasive ornamental garden plant species, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. Leaves of L. camara were extracted successively by petroleum ether and methanol by continuous hot percolation. The phytochemical screening was carried out by color reaction with different reagents. The Well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar was used for evaluating antimicrobial activity. The LD50 value was determined by acute toxicity studies. The analgesic activity was carried out by tail immersion method, antimotility activity was carried out by charcoal movement test and the antidiabetic activity was carried out by oral glucose tolerance test. The extractive value of methanolic and petroleum ether was found to be 10.11% and 3.11% respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed a positive reaction test for glycoside, tannin, saponin, steroid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, diterpene, and triterpene. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (p<0.05) and didn't show any activity against E. coli. The LD50 value was found above 2000mg/kg. The analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity of plant extract showed significant results in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The study revealed that the plant possessed antibacterial, analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity. Further studies are needed to standardize the extract and evaluation of the safety profile in long-term toxicity studies is recommended

Background: Leptadenia pyrotechnica (LP) is a well-known traditional shrub used by the tribes of Africa and Asia. Locally, it is called as Khimp and recognized as therapeutic uses as well as animal fodder. Aims: The present study investigates the preliminary phytochemical contents, free radical scavenging, and antimicrobial activity against the bacterial and fungal strains of ethanolic extract and its fraction of LP (Decne.). Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract and fractions of LP were used to different phytochemical qualitative screening methods to identify the constituents presented in it. Total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were determined to justify its antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts was measured by disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and zone of inhibition against the bacterial and fungal strains. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity had used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of extract and fractions. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of extract and fractions showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Reducing efficiency revealed dose-dependent inflation in concentration (6.25-200 μg/μL) with respect to quercetin and gallic acid. The presence of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and flavonoids contribute to potent antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains. Conclusion: The present research work concluded the effectiveness of different extract and fractions at various concentrations against the bacterial and fungal strains. Free radical scavenging activity embarks its contribution as antimicrobial along with the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic residues.

Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites that have been found to have medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activities, and heavy metal analysis in different parts (leaves, stem and roots) of Caltha palustris var. alba. The phytochemical analysis for the plant was carried out in ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and deionized water extracts. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds like, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, phenols, and saponin. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar disc diffusion method using five different extracts. The antimicrobial study revealed that the C. palustris var. alba has the ability to fight against the selected microorganism. The phytochemical and biological screenings were correlated with the presence of heavy metals in selected plant C. palustris var. alba. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and revealed the presence of the metals like cadmium, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, and chromium. The metal concentration was compared with the permissible limit set by World Health Organization (WHO) and the result was discussed. From these studies, it is clear that plant C. palustris var. alba can be used for medicinal purposes.

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Pilostigma reticulatum (dc) hochst were screened for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogen, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thypi and Shigella dysentery. The results indicated that the extracts inhibited the growth of one or more test pathogens. The ethanolic extract showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates and terpenes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges from 8.0 x 102 to 1 x 104 µg/mI. Key words: Medicinal plant, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening,Pilostigma reticulatum, pathogens.

Crude ethanolic extracts selected six Nigerian plants based on ethnobotanical reports of their antifungal and antibacterial actions were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial screening. All the six plants namely Acalypha fimbriata, Glaphae brevis, Vernonia amygdalina, Struchium sparganophora, Celosia argentea and Amaranthus spinosus were screened against strains of Candida albicans, Trichophyton metagophyte, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus flavus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The seventy percent (70%) aqueous ethanolic extract of A. finbriata was found to possess greatest activities against the pathogenic fungi; C. albicans, T. metagophyte, M. furfur and A. flavus at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/ml. While V. amygdalina and S. sparganophora showed better antibacterial activity of MIC values of 25 to 50 mg/ml than A. finbriata which exhibited wider spectrum of activity against the three pathogenic bacteria of MIC 100 mg/ml. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and combined anthraquinones in A. finbriata which justifies its antimicrobial activities as portrayed in this test. The results of this work justify the ethnobotanical uses of these plants in traditional medicine in Nigeria. Key words: Nigerian plants, antimicrobial, phytochemical screening

Annona tomentosa RE Fr. (Annonaceae), known in Brazil as Araticum-bravo or Araticum de moita, is a small tree found throughout Brazilian territory, mainly in coastal areas, its distribution is discontinuous, appearing in open fields, in savanna of shrub trees and in the cerradão, where the vegetation is denser. All parts of this vegetable are used in folk medicine, it has been used mainly to combat diarrhea, stomatitis, headache, neuralgia, boils, ulcers and to eradicate lice as well as anti-rheumatic. Based on data obtained by bibliographical survey, this work sought information of a chemical nature, through phytochemical and microbiological screening through antimicrobial activity tests. In the phytochemical screening, the presence of substances belonging to the classes of phenols, tannins, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, flavonoids, xanthones saponins, triterpene steroids and alkaloids were confirmed. Confirmation for alkaloids was performed by chromatoplates. Standard strains (ATCC) of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus 25923, Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853, Escherichia coli 35218, Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 were used for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Clinical isolates of Acinectobacter were used in the microbiological tests. baumannii and the fungus Candida albicans . The antimicrobial potential of the extract was analyzed using the drilling technique in Müller Hinton medium, the results demonstrated that the A. tomentosa peels have a growth inhibitory potential on the Gram-positive bacterium, S. aureus , and on clinical microorganisms with emphasis on for A. baumanni with halo formation (20 mm) respectively.

Bauhinia rufescens Lam (Leguminosea-Caesalpinoideae) stem bark was extracted using methanol and fractionated using ethylacetate, butanol and water. The extract and fractions were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedures followed by antimicrobial screening using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The extract and fractions showed the presence of carbohydrate, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and steroids. The antimicrobial screening of the extract and fractions against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, using disc diffusion method at disc potency of 100μg/disc showed inhibitory activity on the test isolates with zone of inhibition ranging from 16-37mm. The methanolic and ethylacetate extracts showed the least MIC of 1.25mg/mL. The result of the study confirms the traditional use of the stem bark of B. rufescens in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. Keywords: Bauhinia rufescens, Stem bark, Phytochemical screening, Antimicrobial activity

Background: Aloe buettneri, Mitracarpus scaber and Hannoa undulata are three plants species used in the Togolese traditional medicine to cure dermatosis. This study aims at assessing their anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities on acne-developing micro-organisms. Methods: Six micro-organisms including Cutibacterium acnes ATCC 6919, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; Escherichia coli ATCC 25922; Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213; and Candida albicans ATCC 35659 were used. Inhibition diameter was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory and minimum microbicidal concentrations have been achieved through the liquid dilution method. Anti-oxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH antiradical scaving and FRAP methods. Phytochemical screening was also realized. Results: All the microorganism’s strains tested, excepted Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, were susceptible to plants extracts at 250 mg/mL in the agar well diffusion assay with inhibition diameters ranging from 12.10 ± 0.07 to 18.20 ± 0.10 mm. The MICs values were comprised between 15.625 mg/mL and 62.5 mg/mL, when MMCs ranged from 31.25 to 125 mg/mL. At the concentration of 500 µg/mL, the scavenging properties on DPPH radicals were 49.20 ± 0.15% for H. undulata, 41.29 ± 0.51% for A. buettneri, 59.57 ± 0.41% for M. scaber and 87.22 ± 0.03% for Quercetin. For FRAP assay, the effective concentration (EC50) of A. buettneri, M. scaber and H. undulata extracts were 977.44 ± 1.13 µg/mL; 267.74 ± 10.13 µg/mL and, 272.54 ± 12.87 µg/mL respectively while quercetin presented the EC50 of 48.63 ± 2.00 µg/mL. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of these species might be required to the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, saponoside and alkaloids identified by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: The three plants extracts are all potential natural antimicrobial and antioxidant candidates for treating acne vulgaris. Keywords: Aloe buettneri, Mitracarpus scaber, Hannoa undulata, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, Acne vulgaris

Phytochemical screening, Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of rhizomes extracts of Zingiber officinale, grown in Dang and Arghakhanchi districts of Nepal, in different solvents is still not under stood clearly. The rhizomes of the plant were collected, dried, chopped, powdered and subjected for extraction using maceration technique. The solvent methanol (MeOH), dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) were used for the extraction of secondary metabolites. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity and antifungal activities were gauged in the extract of different solvents. Efficient antimicrobial activity, especially against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, was observed in ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of sample collected from Dang district (S2 ). Strong antifungal activities were exhibited in methanolic extract sample of both Arghakanchi (S1) and Dang districts (S2 ). Extracts of all ginger samples do not show any zone of inhibition against E. Coli. Rhizome extracts of both samples (S1 and S2 ) show potentiality against microbial and fungal infections.

The study was done to assess the phytochemicals (flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannin, alkaloids, and phenol) in different parts (root, stem, and leaves) of Ballota nigra and correlated it to inhibition of microbes (bacteria and fungi), protozoan (Leishmania), and heavy metals toxicity evaluation. In root and stem flavonoids, terpenes and phenols were present in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate soluble fraction; these were found to be the most active inhibiting fractions against all the tested strains of bacteria, fungi, and leishmania. While in leaves flavonoids, terpenes, and phenols were present in ethanol, chloroform, and n-butanol fractions which were the most active fractions against both types of microbes and protozoan (leishmania) in in vitro study. Ethanol and chloroform fractions show maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli (17 mm). The phytochemical and biological screenings were correlated with the presence of heavy metals in selected plant Ballota nigra. Cr was found above permissible value (above 1.5 mg/kg) in all parts of the plant. Ni was above WHO limit in B. nigra root and leaves (3.35 ± 1.20 mg/kg and 5.09 ± 0.47 mg/kg, respectively). Fe was above permissible value in all parts of B. nigra (above 20 mg/kg). Cd was above permissible value in all parts of the plant (above 0.3 mg/kg). Pb was above WHO limit (above 2 mg/kg) in all parts of Ballota nigra.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to perform phytochemical analysis and to test the antimicrobial activity of the crude hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata. Classes of secondary metabolites present in the extract were identified through phytochemical screening using analytical thin-layer chromatography. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by testing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from human skin and those of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dog skin using the broth microdilution method. In the phytochemical screening, classes of anthracenic derivatives and mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes were identified. Colorimetric analysis showed total phenol and total flavonoid contents of 21.7 ± 0.009 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of sample and 0.23 ± 0.005 mg of catechin equivalents per gram of sample, respectively. Microbiological analysis revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract of S. trilobata exhibited antimicrobial activity against cultures of Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, S. marcescens, and E. faecalis isolated from human skin and those of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dog skin. Thus, crude hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of S. trilobata contained flavonoids and terpenoids as secondary metabolites, which contributed to its antimicrobial activity against skin bacteria isolated from different sources.

Plants of medicinal values contain bioactive compounds capable of preventing and combating several oxidative related diseases. Many diseases have been wrongly attended to using several medicinal plants of choice by mere instinct or sunrise. The phytochemical screening, (antimicrobial activity of Costus afer extract and its alleviation of carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity were evaluated. The phytochemical screening of both qualitative and quantitative analyses showed the presence of Tannins, Steroids, Phenols, Phytate, Hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Saponin, Alkaloids and Flavonoids in the aqueous, methanol and n-hexane stem extract. The antimicrobial activity of Costus afer extract using two different solvents showed its bactericical effect and no antibiotic effect on fungi microorganisms at different concentration. The study based on the toxicity of the substance, carbon tetrachloride showed the serum elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2.), aspirate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1) and alkaline phosphase (ALT, EC 3.1.3.1) in the liver of the rabbits in response to the oral administration of the chemical. The rabbits fed with the Costus afer extract of methanol and N-hexane showed a moderate effect while the rabbits fed with the chemical carbon tetrachloride had a very high elevation on the enzymes. The rabbits, however fed with both the Costus afer and the chemical compound, carbon tetrachloride showed a considerable alleviation on the level of toxicity of the chemical. The rabbits fed with the Costus afer extract and the chemical carbon tetrachloride mixture statistically showed significant (p<0.05) difference between the treatment and their liver enzymes. This indicated that biological active compounds of Costus afer are more polar and could serve as a source of bioactive compounds for nutrition and therapeutic purposes.

The menace of antibiotic resistance and the antecedent evolution of innocuous microbes into superbugs is an epidemic of global concern. This study investigated the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of hexane and methanol extracts of Gnetum africanum stem and root, on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and Aspergillus flavus. Stem and roots of G. africanum were extracted with hexane and methanol using cold maceration technique; standardized chemical tests were employed for phytochemical screening and the agar-well diffusion method used for antimicrobial analysis. The results of phytochemical screening G. africanum showed that all the following tested phytochemicals which include steroid, tannins, and saponins were present in both methanol and hexane extracts of G. africanum while flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides and carbohydrate were absent in both the methanol and hexane extracts. Anthraquinone was present in hexane extract but absent in methanolic extract of G. africanum. Both the stem and root of G. africanum had antimicrobial effects on all the test organisms but the effect of the stem was higher than that of the root. Findings indicate that both extracts had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus, with maximum inhibition zones of 17.50 mm and 16.00 mm at 500 mg/ml for hexane and methanol extracts, respectively. The stem and root extracts of hexane and methanol were inactive against A. flavus. The findings of this study further reinforce the importance of G. africanum stem and root in traditional healthcare practice and its use in culinary. Further investigation is however needed to isolate and purify the bioactive antimicrobial principles for potential development into generic antimicrobials.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacological screening of fruit extracts of Aegle marmelos using various in vitro methods. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by using DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power method, while well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, and phenolics were abundantly present in methanolic and aqueous extracts of A. marmelos. Methanolic extract showed significant antioxidant potential, which was however inferior to that of ascorbic acid. The methanolic extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against the S. aureus (18 mm) and it was higher than that of the standard tetracycline. The HPLC data predict that the presence of scopoletin, marmelosin and umbelliferone, which may contribute to their pharmacological action.

Increasing awareness of multi-drug resistant strains of microorganisms and the hazards associated with the use of synthetic / orthodox drugs has increased investigations on plant extracts as possible alternative drugs. Extracts of Newbouldia laevis stem-bark and root were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial screening as well as heavy metal concentration content. The aim was to investigate the potentiality of using the extracts as alternative to synthetic / orthodox drugs and conduct ecological, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in the extracts. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard methods. Antimicrobial activities of the aqueous, methanol and n-hexane extracts were carried out using agar well diffusion method. The test organisms were laboratory isolates of Salmolella tyhpi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Aspergellus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albican. Metal concentration of the extracts was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of the following phytochemicals in the stem-back and root extracts: alkaloid (1.00%, 4.00%), flavonoids (7.00%, 0.60%), saponins (10.00%, 11.00%), cardiac glycosides (2.24%, 3.06%), steroids (2.50%,4.87%), terpenoids (1.80%, 1.26%), and tannins (6.00%,10.00%) respectively. The survey of heavy metal concentration was Zn (12.10 mg/kg), Mn (3.45 mg/kg), Cr (4.55) and Zn (10.80 mg/kg), Mn (2.88 mg/kg) and Cr (4.99 mg/kg) in stem bark and root extracts respectively. Cd, Cu and Pb were not detected in both extracts. This showed that the levels of concentrations of the metals determined were generally below the maximum permissible limits established by International regulatory bodies. All the extracts inhibited growth of the test organisms. The aqueous and ethanol extracts proved more potent than the positive control (tetracycline). The results of ecological risk assessment showed PERI, Cdeg, mCdeg and PLI values of 0.8097, 0.1423, 0.0474 and 0.1222 respectively for the stem bark extract and 0.7015, 0.1332, 0.0444 and 0.1139 respectively for the root extract. Human health risk assessment of the heavy metals gave a total hazard index of 0.0764 and 0.0667 for stem bark and root extracts respectively. These ecological and human health risk assessment results indicated no risk in taking the extracts as alternative medicine. This study therefore has justified ethno-medical use of the plant for the treatment of diseases caused by these pathogens