Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity and multivariate analysis of Boerhavia diffusa

The hawthorn Crataegus mexicana is a traditional Mexican fruit with properties that make this fruit useful for the treatment of many ailments, including diseases of the respiratory and urinary tract. This paper reports the antioxidant capacity of the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of C. mexicana. Samples were evaluated for total phenolic and carotenoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the inhibition of the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the neutralization of the cation-radical 2,2´-azino-bis(3ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). The total phenolic content was 2.65 ± 0.23 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram, and the carotenoid content was 26.4 ± 0.02 µg/g in dry hawthorn skin. The most active extract in scavenging DPPH radicals and inhibiting TBARS formation was the acetone extract, with activities of 21.9 ± 0.15 and 13.27 ± 0.70%, respectively, at 10 mg/L. The extracts were compared for activity against ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, α- tocopherol and quercetin. The acetone extract was the most active, with an IC50 value of 15.2 mg/L in DPPH and 17.7 mg/L in TBARS. A high correlation was observed between the results for TBARS and DPPH. These results demonstrate the potential nutritional and antioxidant value of this Mexican fruit.

Introduction and Aim: Citrus fruits are rich in polyphenolic compounds. The conventional medical system has utilized the fruit’s entire composition including the peel for its diverse biological functions. With this, the study aimed to assess and compare the phytochemical, in-vitro antioxidant analysis as well as polyphenol and flavonoid content of Citrus maxima juice, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of its pulp and peel. Materials and Methods: Qualitative phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and different in-vitro antioxidant assays like total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were carried out to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant potential in the juice, aqueous and ethanolic extract of pulp and peel of C. maxima. Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed in the peel ethanolic extract to identify the compounds present. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoids and steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates and vitamin C in all the C. maxima crude extracts. Tannins were present only in pulp of ethanol extract and in both aqueous and ethanol extracts of peel. Resins were present in the juice and ethanol extract of pulp and peel. The total phenol and total flavonoid content was comparatively higher in ethanolic extracts of peel. All the extracts showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity. The reducing potential of the C.maxima extractives increased with the increase in its concentration. GC-MS analysis of ethanolic peel extract identified key constituents with pharmacological effects. The ethanolic peel extract showed good antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity when compared to other extracts. Conclusion: The results indicated that ethanolic peel extract of Citrus maxima revealed the highest presence of polyphenolic compounds, which are secondary plant metabolites with potential antioxidant activity.

Diabetes mellitus is a persistent hyperglycemic condition. Thai cuisine and medicine incorporate spices: nutmeg, mace, clove buds, cardamom, cinnamon, and coriander. The in vitro impacts of these spices on anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and total phenolic and flavonoid content were assessed. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays were conducted. Antioxidant potential was measured through DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by inhibiting nitric oxide generation in RAW 264.7 cells. Total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin Ciocalteu method, while total flavonoid content was estimated via the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of a blend of spices (Siam cardamom, nutmeg, mace, and clove buds), denoted as 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA, displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 0.373 and 0.435 mg/mL, respectively. 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA exhibited antioxidant activity, by ABTS·+ radical and DPPH scavenging capabilities. 4-GlurE demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential by reducing nitric oxide generation (IC50: 43.95 ± 2.47 μg/mL). 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA possessed total phenolic content (TPC) of 122.47 ± 1.12 and 148.72 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g, respectively. 4-GlurE exhibited a higher total flavonoid content (TFC) compared to the aqueous extract (340.33 ± 4.77 and 94.17 ± 3.36 mg QE/g). Cinnamon and clove aqueous extracts were more potent than acarbose in alpha-glucosidase inhibition with the highest antioxidant activity. Polyphenol levels (TPC and TFC) exhibited strong correlations with antioxidant capacity. Findings are consistent with the traditional use of 4-Glur, with cinnamon, for diabetes prevention and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Peronema canescens (Sungkai) leaves have been popular in Indonesia which contain various bioactive compounds with empirical therapeutic efficacy in dealing with COVID-19 and various other diseases. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method from P. canescens leaf extract have not been studied much. AIM: This research has several objectives. The first is to compare the results of qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of the leaves of P. canescens (EEPL). The second is to measure the total phenol and flavonoid content. The third is to test the FTIR and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of P. canescens leaves in vitro using the DPPH method. METHODS: Fresh plant material and simplicia, ethanol extract extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent from P. canescens. The Dragendorff’s and Mayer test carried out the qualitative phytochemical analysis, FeCl3 test, Salkowski method, Liebermann–Burchard method, foam test, and NaOH reagent. The total phenolic and flavonoid levels were tested using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. RESULTS: The results of qualitative phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids were detected in the extract of P. canescens. The spectra from the FTIR test results showed various absorbance peak values indicating the bonding of specific functional groups, namely: 418.12, 599.94, 666.67, 1036.39, 1159.52, 1224.16, 1348.95, 1454.19, 1600.87, 1732.00, 2923.13, and 3353.01 cm-1. In the test results, total phenolic content was as much as 5.64% (mgEAG/g) and total flavonoid content of 142,247 mgEQ/g in a sample of 1 mg extract, which was equivalent to 1 mg quercetin. EEPL has antioxidant activity with the DPPH IC50 method of 116.7865 ppm. CONCLUSION: The data obtained at this time can contribute to the exploitation of P. canescens leaves in the future as one of the nutraceutical products, supplements, and herbal medicines by specific industries related to improving the health status of the world community. The higher the bioactive substance in preparation, the more significant the effect of the pharmacological efficacy response. P. canescens ethanol extract has good total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant action.

Medicinal plants have been used for therapeutic purposes and have shown important biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the antioxidant activities, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents of Lavandula mairei Humbert. The ethanol, methanol, ethyl-acetate, and water extracts were used for this purpose. The antioxidant activities were assessed in vitro by free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined spectrophotometrically with gallic acid and Quercetin as standards. In either Soxhlet or maceration methods, the flavonoids and the total phenolic contents were significantly higher in the methanolic extract (P<0.05) compared to other extracts. The total flavonoid content of L. mairei ranged between 119 and 224.6 mg QE/g DW for Soxhlet extracts and from 111.8 to 148.51 mg QE/g DW for maceration extracts. While the total phenolic content was between 35.12 and 99.37 mg GAE/g DW for Soxhlet extracts and 27.63 to 58.99 mg GAE/g DW for maceration extracts. In either the Soxhlet or maceration method, the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was obtained using the ethanolic extract, while the aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH and FRAP assays. These results showed that Lavandula mairei Humbert has great potential to be a promising candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants.

Illicium verum hook (Star anise), a common ingredient in traditional medicine and most commonly used spice in various cuisines due to its phytochemical content, health benefits such as antioxidant and for its aroma. Rapid increase in interest among natural antioxidant other than synthetic antioxidant lead to various investigations. Therefore a study was conducted to determine phytochemicals of Illicium verum hook, a widely used spice and its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, water and chloroform extracts. Concentration range of all the crude extracts were analysed in three trials. Among all the extracts ethanol extract showed highest phytochemical content and most of the phytochemicals were absent in chloroform extract. Total Phenolic content and Flavonoid content were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu method and Aluminum chloride assay. Methanol produced highest total Phenolic content and total Flavonoid content among all the extracts, which were 112.587±2.256 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight of sample and 211.713±8.679 mg Rutin equivalent (RT) per gram of dry weight of sample. Ethanol extract produced more total Flavonoid content than total Phenol content. Chloroform extract produced least total Phenol content and total Flavonoid content, which were 41.2667±8.495 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight of sample and 3.551±1.580 mg Rutin equivalent (RT) per gram of dry weight of sample respectively. Significance difference between total Phenolic content and total Flavonoid content of each extract was determined using regression, statistical analysis. Antioxidant scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated using 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity,2,2′-azino-di-[3ethyl benzthiazoline sulfate] (ABTS) decolorisation assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant assay (FRAP) and Phosphomolybdate assay (TAC). Methanol extract of Illicium verum hook showed highest antioxidant scavenging activity (51.548 mg/mL) except in FRAP assay. IC 50 values of each assay for methanol extract were, 127.089 mg/mL for DPPH, 51.548 mg/mL for ABTS and 320.476 mg/mL for FRAP. Total antioxidant capacity was high in methanol extract with 39.663 mg Ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight of sample. Antimicrobial activity of I.verum crude extracts were evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using agar disk diffusion method. Inhibition of bacteria growth by the extract was determined using by the diameter of “zone of inhibition”. Methanol crude extract showed high antimicrobial activity against both S.aureus and E.coli through large zone of inhibition. According to this study methanol was determined as the potential solvent to extract crude oil from I. verum. The efficacy of antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity in I.verum crude extract leads to new source of natural antioxidant, in drug development and processed food industry. Keywords: Illicium verum hook, Antimicrobial, Natural antioxidants and antioxidant scavenging

The phenolics of Syrian olive leaves were determined in alcoholic and aqueous extracts by the ultrasonic bath. Both of the total phenolic and flavonoids contents were compared, and the IC50 values were calculated for the inhibition of both of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.), the free monocation radical 2.2,-azino-bis-[3-ethyl benzothiazoline - 6 - Sulfonic Acid] (ABTS+.), for olive leaves extracts, and compared with vitamin C and oleuropein standard values. Oleuropein content was quantified in extracts using high -performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and isolated by TLC, then it was detected by HPLC- MS. The results showed that the total phenolic content and total flavonoids content for alcoholic extracts were higher than in aqueous extract contents, with significant differences in the statistical study. There were no significant differences in their ability to inhibit (DPPH.), as opposed to the result with the monocation radical (ABTS+.), where the inhibitory capacity of the ethanolic extract was greater than in the aqueous one. The study also showed that the alcoholic extract contained a higher concentration of oleuropein (88.50±9.67 mg/g) comparing with the aqueous extract (37.60±6.84 mg/g), allowing the use of Syrian olive leaves extracts as natural antioxidants. The isolated oleuropein yield by TLC was (0.43-0.1) mg/g in both of ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively.

Solanum anguivi Lam. is an ethnomedicinal plant. Local traditional practitioners believe that it reduces the risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis diseases. The present study was intended to conduct qualitative phytochemical analysis, determine the total flavonoid and phenolic contents, estimate the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activities of the extracts of the fruits of this plant. The antioxidant activity was determined by analyzing the radical scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antibacterial activities were determined by the agar well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the crude extracts obtained from the fruits of the plant indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content were obtained in the ethanol extract of the fruits, followed by dichloromethane and n-hexane extract. The total phenolic content (in gallic acid equivalents, GAE) ranged from 113.3 to 202.72 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content (in catechin equivalent, CE) varied from 61.72 to 142.64 mg (CE)/g. All fruit extracts of S. anguivi exhibited antioxidant activity as revealed by DPPH and FRAP assays. The DPPH RSA (% inhibition) of the fruit extract varied from 35.11 to 80.13. The total phenolic and Flavonoid contents showed alinear correlation with RSA. Furthermore, all fruit extracts showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria varying from 12.5 to 16.75 mm. The result showed that the extracts of the plant exerted stronger bactericidal effect on gram-positive bacteria than on gram-negative bacteria. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1993087 .

This study evaluated Moringa oleifera extracts from two locations in Niger Delta for in vitro anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activities. Methanolic, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera were evaluated for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, antioxidant properties, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents using standard procedures. M. oleifera extracts possessed significant and concentration dependent AChE inhibitory activity for methanolic, aqueous, and ethanolic extracts. For the most potent extracts, the percentage AChE inhibition/IC50 (µg/mL) values were Moringa oleifera root methanolic extracts (MORME): ~80%/0.00845; Moringa oleifera root ethanolic extract 1 (MOREE1): ~90%/0.0563; Moringa oleifera root ethanolic extract 2 (MOREE2): ~70%/0.00175; and Moringa oleifera bark ethanolic extract (MOBEE): ~70%/0.0173. The descending order of AChE inhibitory potency of plant parts were: root > bark > leaf > flowers > seed. All M. oleifera methanolic extracts at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL displayed significant (p < 0.05–0.001) DPPH radical scavenging activity, with values of ~20–50% of that of ascorbic acid. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TPC/TFC) of MORME, Moringa Oju bark methanolic extract (MOBME), MOREE1, MOREE2 and Moringa leaf ethanolic leaf extract (MLEE) were (287/254), (212/113), (223/185), (203/343) and (201/102) mg gallic acid equivalents/g and quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. There was an inverse correlation between plant extract AChE inhibition and total phenolic (p < 0.0001) and total flavonoid contents (p < 0.0012). In summary, this study revealed 5 of 19 extracts of M. oleifera that have potent in vitro anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activities.

The sweet chestnut fruit has always had great importance in the southern European countries. Chestnut production is an important source of income and a crop of high environmental value thanks to its role in soil protection. It is also a good food with enormous potential for various aspects of health because of its nutritional qualities. The quality of sweet chestnuts is affected by various factors, such as climatic conditions and cultivation inputs. It is very important to recognize the impacts of climate on chestnut fruits, to improve our current understanding of climate–chestnut interconnections. The current study investigated and compared the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different cultivars of chestnuts grown in different geographic areas of northwest Spain. The results obtained with three antioxidant capability assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays) were highly correlated. All the samples had high antioxidant capacity and high total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, which depended both on cultivar and growth region. Ventura variety, harvested in the coldest environments, presented the highest values of antioxidant activity (IC50DPPH = 34.5 g/L), total phenolic content (131.84 mg equivalent of gallic acid/100 g FW) and total flavonoids (7.77 mg eq. catechin/100 g). The variations in the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of different cultivars, and their associations with climatic environmental factors, revealed the significant impacts of these factors on the synthesis of specialized metabolites and on the nutraceutical potential of chestnuts. The results can provide valuable information for selection of the cultivar and the cultivation conditions of the chestnut, in order to obtain chestnuts with high-quality bioactive characteristics.

Introduction: Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. has been used to manage metabolic disorders such as diabetes. This study investigated the impacts of aqueous and graded ethanolic extracts on the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and antidiabetic efficacy of G. lanceifolia leaves. Methods: Leaves were extracted via aqueous decoction and ethanol maceration at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 95% concentrations. Qualitative screening identified phytochemicals, while total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified. Significant bioactive components were examined utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays were conducted. Results: Alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids were consistently present, while tannins and steroids appeared in 75-95% ethanol extracts. The 95% ethanol extract showed the highest TPC (20.62 ± 0.61 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and TFC (65.92 ± 1.76 mg quercetin equivalent/g), and GC-MS identified multiple pharmacologically active compounds. This extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH (379.07 ± 1.33 mg Trolox equivalent/g) and ABTS (12.56 ± 1.00 mg Trolox equivalent/g) assays. Enzyme inhibition was concentration-dependent, with IC₅₀ values of 0.533 ± 0.098 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and 0.286 ± 0.031 mg/mL for α-amylase. Conclusion: Extraction with high-concentration ethanol enhanced the recovery of bioactive compounds, resulting in superior antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. These findings support its traditional use and highlight ethanolic extracts as potential natural agents for managing diabetes and oxidative stress. Further studies should isolate individual compounds and evaluate their in vivo efficacy.

Postharvest stability of antioxidant compounds in hawthorn and cornelian cherries at room and refrigerator temperatures—Comparison with blackberries, white and red grapes

Series of experiments were conducted to screen phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and analgesic activities of the ethanolic extracts of the plant Croton argyratus. The extracts obtained from leaves, stem and root of the plant were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by means of 2,2- Diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity as well as total phenolic and flavonoid contents was studied. To determine analgesic property of the antioxidant rich extract, and formalin induced pain, hot plate and tail flick test were performed. The leaves extract showed the highest value of antioxidant activity based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The leaf extract also produced the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content and have a significant activity in late phase of the formalin induced pain test at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. However, in the hot plate and tail flick tests, the extract did not show any significant analgesic effects. The results suggested the potential use of C. argyratus plant extracts as a natural source of antioxidant and may act peripherally to relieve pain. Key words: DPPH, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, peripheral analgesic.

Many natural products are used in complementary medicine. Plants are widely used among these natural products. In this study, it was aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant status and antimicrobial activity of Hesperis pendula DC. In this context, the above-ground parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol and methanol. The total antioxidant level of the plant was determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits (Megatıp/Türkiye). The total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Aluminum chloride assay was used to estimate the total flavonoid content. Antimicrobial activity was tested against bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. As a result of the studies, it was observed that the ethanol extract of the plant had higher TAS (Total antioxidant status) (5.707±0.194 mmol/L), TOS (Total oxidant status) (21.646±0.239 µmol/L) and OSI (Oxidative stress index) (0.380±0.017) values. Total phenolic content was higher in ethanol extract (116.78±2.51 mg/g) while total flavonoid content was higher in methanol extract (93.64±2.16 mg/g). It was observed that the ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant inhibited the growth of bacteria at 100-200 µg/mL concentrations. It was determined that ethanol extract inhibited the growth of fungi at 200 µg/mL concentration and methanol extract at 200-400 µg/mL concentrations. In this context, it was determined that H. pendula could be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.

Six cultivars of kiwifruits grown in Korea, including Actinidia eriantha ‘Bidan’, A. arguta ‘Chiak’, A. arguta ‘Darae No. 2’, A. chinensis ‘Haegeum’, A. chinensis ‘Haehyang’, and A. arguta × A. deliciosa ‘Mansoo’, were harvested at various maturity stages to test whether kiwifruit maturity has an influence on antioxidant capacity or total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Kiwifruit extracts were isolated using absolute methanol and then 80% (v·v-1) aqueous methanol during homogenization. ‘Bidan’, collected at the second harvest stage, contained the greatest amount of total phenolics (775.3 mg gallic acid equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight) and had the highest antioxidant capacity [816.5, 633.2, and 2,662.7 mg vitamin C equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight for 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays, respectively] among cultivars tested, while ‘Haehyang’, collected at the first harvest, contained the greatest amount of total flavonoids (13.1 mg catechin equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight). Kiwifruit cultivar and genotype influenced antioxidant capacity, as well as total phenolic and flavonoid contents. No trend, however, was observed in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in the antioxidant capacity with respect to maturity stage. Antioxidant capacity had a higher linear correlation coefficient with total phenolic contents than with total flavonoid contents. The results above suggest that kiwifruits at various maturity stages are a valuable source of phenolics and antioxidants for industrial application and consumer health benefit.