Phytochemical profile and dual anticancer–antilipase activities of Rubus ulmifolius extracts from Jijel, Algeria

Plants have important chemical compounds to protect organisms from many mutagens but they may also have dangerous toxic substances that must be tested before use. Lallemantia iberica has been used by local people for treatment of some diseases but it was never tested for its cell protective and antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic properties. In this study, it was aimed to determine the cytoprotective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic, antibacterial, antioxidant and phenolic profile of L. iberica by MTS assay, micronucleus test/somatic mutation recombination test (SMART), disc diffusion method, ABTS/DPPH tests and liquid chromatography (LC), respectively. MTS assay results showed that both of the extracts supported the normal growth of healthy human lymphocytes and there was no significant difference between extracts. Although there was no significant increase in micronucleus concentration (‰) of the cultures treated with ethanol or methanol extracts, methanol extract caused slightly lower micronucleus concentration (12.64 ± 3.65‰) than the ethanol extract (24.46 ± 4.50‰). SMART results showed that ethanol and methanol extracts prevented harmful mitotic recombination. Lallemantia iberica also showed antibacterial activity against all of the strains tested, and the largest inhibition zones were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.9 mm) and Enterobacter aerogenes (13.8 mm). Methanol extracts showed better antioxidant activities (ABTS IC50 : 104.07 μg mL-1 , DPPH IC50 : 58.8μg mL-1 ) than ethanol extracts (ABTS IC50 : 344.03 μg mL-1 , DPPH IC50 : 233.7μg mL-1 ). According to the LC results, the most abundant phenolic compounds were rutin hydrate (1796.4 ± 62.9mg kg-1 ) and p-coumaric acid (228.1 ± 7.60 mg kg-1 ). Lallemantia iberica extracts had cell-protective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic, antibacterial and strong antioxidant characteristics in relation to their rich phenolic content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Withania somnifera Dunal (WS), commonly known as Ashwagandha in India, belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is extensively used in most of the Indian herbal pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. In the current study, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of WS stems was evaluated using cytometry and the MTT assay against the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of WS showed potent anticancer activity on the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line, whereas the aqueous extract did not exhibit any significant activity at 100 µg/ml. The percentage viability of the cell lines was determined by using the Trypan blue dye exclusion method. Cell viability was reduced to 21% and 0% at 50 and 100 µg/ml of the methanolic extract, respectively, as compared to 19% and 0% at 50 and 100 µg/ml for the ethanolic extract and 37% at 100 µg/ml in sterile Milli-Q water after 48 hours of treatment. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of WS were shown to possess IC50 values of 30 and 37 µg/ml, respectively, by the MTT assay and cytometer-based analysis, with the methanolic extract being more active than the other two. On the other hand, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of WS did not exhibit any significant in vitro activity against the normal epithelial cell line Vero at 50 µg/ml. HPLC was carried out for the analysis of its phytochemical profile and demonstrated the presence of the active component Withaferin A in both extracts. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Withania should be studied further for the isolation and characterization of the active components to lead optimization studies.

In the Philippines,Cycasspp. are found in Luzon Island particularly in Pampanga, Batangas, Bataan and Isabela provinces.. In this study, the bioactive potentials of the crude methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extracts ofCycas riuminianaPorte ex Regel were investigated. Based on the results of the four solvents used, the best extraction solvent for the phytochemicals is ethanol, followed by methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. The ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts showed comparable antioxidant activity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts also have comparable antioxidant activity but significantly lower than both methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However the greatest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract, followed by chloroform, methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The variation and similarity in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the different extracts can be attributed to different mechanisms of interactions, namely, independent joint action, additive, synergistic, competitive or antagonistic interactions, among the bioactive compounds present in the crude extracts. Further studies are needed to elucidate the structure of the different phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of Arayat Pitogo (C. riuminianaPorte ex Regel) and the specific mechanisms of interaction among these phytochemicals. SUMMARY The extracts were tested for the presence (trace, moderate or abundant amounts) of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols and glycosides. The ethanolic extract was positive for all phytochemicals screened with sterols, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins being abundant, alkaloids being moderate and triterpenes and saponins in trace amounts. The methanolic extract was also positive for all constituents but in trace amounts, except for flavonoids which were abundant. The ethyl acetate extract contained abundant sterols, moderate alkaloids and trace amounts of saponins, glycosides and tannins. Finally, the chloroform extract contained abundant sterols, and trace amounts of alkaloids, saponins and glycosides. The radical scavenging assay revealed that the highest percent inhibition was obtained for the ethanolic leaf extract (60.53±0.7801%), followed by methanolic extract (59.92±3.160%), chloroform extract (50.17±4.779%) and ethyl acetate extract (47.25±3.759%). In terms of antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate extract registered the highest inhibition against the three test organisms, namely,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilisandEscherichia coli. The chloroform extract inhibitedS. aureusandB. subtilis. The methanol extract inhibitedS. aureusonly. Finally, the ethanolic extract failed to inhibit any of the test organisms despite its abundant phytochemicals and high antioxidant activity. In terms of antifungal activity, the different extracts inhibitedCandida albicanswith the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts showing a high degree of inhibition followed by the methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However, none of the extracts showed any bioactivity againstAspergillus niger.

Biological activities and chemical composition of Salvia amplexicaulis Lam. extracts

Study’s Excerpt: Ocimum gratissimum extracts showed antibacterial activity against Enterobacteriaceae. Both methanolic and ethanolic extracts contained key phytochemicals. Methanolic extract had lower MICs, indicating stronger antibacterial effect. Inhibition zones ranged from 6.0 mm to 25.5 mm depending on extract and organism. Results support gratissimum as a potential alternative antibacterial agent. Full Abstract: Medicinal plants have bioactive constituents that are used for treating and healing various human ailments. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial potentials of Ocimum gratissimum leaves against some pathogenic members of Enterobacteriaceae. Fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum were collected from a farm in Unguwan Rimi, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The leaves were thoroughly washed, shade-dried at room temperature, and ground into a fine powder. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts were obtained via cold maceration. The phytochemical screening was carried out and the antibacterial activity was determined using agar well diffusion at different concentrations. The result of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenol, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides and steroids for both ethanolic and methanolic extracts. The ethanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, with a mean zone of inhibition ranging from 20.8 ± 4.71 mm to 13.8 ± 1.84 mm, while the methanolic extract showed a range of 21.6 ± 4.90 mm to 15.2 ± 1.97 mm. Against Klebsiella spp., the ethanolic extract produced inhibition zones ranging from 25.5 ± 4.40 mm to 18.2 ± 1.50 mm, whereas the methanolic extract showed a more variable range from 20.5 ± 5.00 mm to 6.00 ± 0.00 mm. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the zone of inhibition for the ethanolic extract varied from 19.5 ± 2.76 mm to 14.2 ± 1.70 mm, while the methanolic extract ranged from 21.0 ± 7.00 mm to 14.5 ± 5.00 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic extract against E coli was 250 mg/mL, while that of the methanolic extract was 125 mg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for both extracts was 250 mg/mL. For Klebsiella spp., the MIC values were 500 mg/mL for the ethanolic extract and 250 mg/mL for the methanolic extract. Corresponding MBC values were 500 mg/mL (ethanolic) and 250 mg/mL (methanolic). In the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MICs were 500 mg/mL for the ethanolic extract and 250 mg/mL for the methanolic extract, and MBC followed the same pattern. The result suggests that O. gratissimum could be considered as a good antibacterial agent and can be used as an alternative cure to infections caused by these pathogens. Future studies should explore its therapeutic potential and safety profile.

The bitter leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis are used in traditional systems of medicines for the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica and intestinal worms. The present study was to provide scientific backing to the traditional claims through the in vitro evaluation of the ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts for antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer potentials. Antioxidant potential was tested by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay based free radical scavenging ability. The scavenging effect of leaf extract and ascorbic standard on the DPPH radical was found to be in the following order: Ascorbic acid> Ethanolic> Aqueous> Methanolic extracts and their IC50 values were found to be 1.6 μg, 25 μg, 34 μg and 38 μg respectively. The antibacterial potential was tested against five strains each of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria through agar disc diffusion assay. The results showed that the bactericidal potential was higher in aqueous extracts followed by methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The bacterial strains Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas marginata and Staphylococcus epidermis were found to be more susceptible to the aqueous extract where Micrococcus leuteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus subtilis were more sensitive to the methanolic extract. The anticancer potential of the extracts was tested using MTT (3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) based cytotoxic test on the T-cell leukemia (MOLT-4) cells at 24, 48 and 72 hours incubation. Simultaneously the growth inhibition potential of the extracts was tested on mitogen stimulated T-lymphocyte cultures derived from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. All the extracts exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity towards cancer cell with increasing time and dose, and at the same time there was a considerable decrease in the level of toxicity observed in normal cells at all the dose and time points. As a measure of genotoxic assessment, micronucleus assay was done in cancer and normal cultures exposed to increasing concentration of different extracts. In both cultures, there was a vast difference between the number of micronuclei induced by the extracts even at the highest tested concentration and the positive control. The results indicated that more elaborate study in this plant may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic agents.

Present study aims to evaluate phytochemical and chromatographic profile, along with antioxidant and anti proliferative properties of Mimosa diplotricha ethanolic leaf extract. Qualitative screening of phytoconstituents by consecutive solvent extraction in increased polarity basis and standardization of potential extract based on phytochemical elution profile was done. Selected secondary metabolites like phenols, flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids were quantified in ethanolic extract. Chromatographic profile was determined by HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. In vitro antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and reducing potential of the respective extract were also determined. Anticancer potential was confirmed by cytotoxic screening in colorectal (HCT-116) cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and chromatographic profile reveal a phytoconstituent rich profile for the ethanolic leaf extract. The amount of, phenols (56 ± 0.57 mg/g), flavanoids (27 ± 0.76 mg/g), tannins (33 ± 0.15 mg/g) were quantified as equivalent of gallic acid, quercetin and tannic acid standards respectively and alkaloids (2.51 ± 0.47 mg/g of extracted plant material) were expressed based on respective analysis. Results also reveal convincing antioxidant potential for respective extract. In vitro cytotoxicity confirmed by MTT assay represents an IC50 value of 97.82 µg/ml. From the above results it can be concluded that M.diplotricha has got pharmacologically significant phytoconstituents and therapeutic active ingredients as evident in HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. This is further supported by considerable antioxidant and anti proliferative properties observed in respective assays.

This investigation was conducted to compare the antimicrobial properties of alcohol fruit extracts from Apple (Malus pumila), Guava (Psidium guajava), and Pineapple (Ananas comosus) against eight bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), Enterobacter cloacae, Shigella flexineri, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the fruits were bought fresh from the market, cut into small cubes, and sun dried to a crisp over 4-5 days. After being blended to a fine powder, 75g of each powder was passed through a Soxhlet apparatus containing 250 ml of 99% ethanol to obtain a crude extract. This process was repeated with 250 ml of methanol to obtain a methanolic crude extract. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts were tested using agar well diffusion, Norfloxacin used as positive control and water as negative control. The inhibition zones from each extract were measured and an activity index was calculated from the mean zone sizes. All fruits showed some degree of antimicrobial properties with the highest activity index (2.6) being from Pineapple ethanolic and methanolic extracts against EAEC. Both Apple ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed activity only against Staph. aureus and EAEC. Guava extracts were effective against all the strains except for ETEC. Pineapple extracts were strongly active against all the bacteria. The methanolic extracts of Apple and Guava showed slightly larger zones compared to their ethanolic extracts. For Pineapple, inhibition zones from the ethanolic extracts were slightly larger. The results of this investigation show great promise for potential antimicrobial drugs.

The antibacterial activity of Monodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica, Piper guineense, Tetrapleura tetraptera against selected human pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus mutans were ascertained using standard microbiological procedures. The herbaceous plants were sun dried and ground into powdery form. Fifty grams (50 g) each of the herbaceous plants were submerged into three (3) different extraction solvents (Ethanol, Methanol and Aqueous) in a conical flask, the flask were shaken intermittently for 24 hours. The herbaceous plants were sieved using whatman number one filter paper. The sieved extracts were allowed to air dry and the dried extracts were stored in a sterile sample bottle in the refrigerator until use. Agar well diffusion technique was used to determine the antibacterial activity/efficacy of the herbaceous plants. The antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica were determined. The result showed that aqueous extract had antimicrobial activity against all the test bacteria, ethanol extract had activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, but showed no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella typhi. Methanol extract had activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Aqueous extract had activity similar to that of ethanol and methanol except that Streptococcus mutans which showed resistance to ethanol and methanol extracts was susceptible to aqueous extracts. Phytochemical analysis conducted shows that the herbaceous plant extracts contains substances such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, flavonoid and phenol. The result obtained from this study revealed that these herbaceous extracts possess bioactive substances which had antibacterial activity on the test bacterial used in the study. Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Azadiractha Indica, Monodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica, piper guineense, and Tetrapleura tetraptera had a remarkable activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and Klebsiella pneumonia while Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella typhi were resistant to both ethanol and methanol extracts. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies should be carried out to identify the active constituents responsible for their antibacterial activity.

Rhizomes of Heliconia rostrate, (family: Heliconiaceae) have been well known for antiophidic property. Ethnobotanically, rhizome of this plant have also been used to cure jaundice, intestinal pain and hypertension. This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and antimicrobial potency of two extracts of rhizomes of H. rostrata to find out which exhibited better activity. Methanol and ethanol extract of the dried and defatted rhizomes were prepared and were subjected to qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents, antioxidant assay and antibacterial evaluation. The methanol extract was found to give better yield than the ethanol extract. All phytoconstituents detected in the methanol extract were found in the ethanol extract also except for the glycoside content which was found only in the methanol extract. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was higher in the ethanol extract compared to the methanol extract, whereas total tannin content was higher in the methanol extract. Both ethanol and methanol extracts exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial potency. The antioxidant activities of both extracts were found to be equal, while the ethanol extract exerted significantly higher antibacterial activity compared to the methanol extract.

Introduction: Candida albicans causes the second most frequent vaginal infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Bajakah Tampala is a natural plant of Kalimantan that has the potential to be used as a traditional remedy for various diseases. This study aims to determine the phytochemical content and antifungal potential of methanol and ethanol Bajakah Tampala stem extract against the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: Flavonoids, tannin, phenol, and saponin were identified through qualitative analysis of the phytochemical content. Different concentration of Bajakah Tampala methanol and ethanol extract (1.56%, 3.175%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) was tested for antifungal potency using dilution method. The extract that could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans colonies was continued with the concentration density (35%, 37.5%, 40%, 42.5%, 45%, 47.5%, and 50%) in order to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Killing Concentration (MKC) by counting the number of colonies. Results: The methanol extract of Bajakah Tampala contains flavonoids, tannins, phenol, and saponin. In contrast, no flavonoids were detected in the ethanol extract. Candida albicans colonies were not inhibited by concentrations of 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25% in ethanol and methanol extracts, respectively. At concentrations of 50% and 100%, methanol extract inhibits colony growth, but ethanol extract is still growing. The antifungal activity of methanol extract showed a MIC of 35% and a MKC of 47.5%, as measured by its concentration density. Conclusion: Flavonoids are present in the Bajakah Tampala methanol extract, which inhibits and kills the growth of Candida albicans but not ethanol.

Background & Objectives: For centuries, the alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plant has been recognized for its versatile and active role in treating various diseases. Not only has it been utilized as a therapeutic agent, but it has also been served as a dietary component for both animals and humans. Given the distinctive attributes of this plant in ethnopharmacology, this study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of M. sativa L. on the K562 myeloid cell line under in vitro conditions. Materials & Methods: The phytochemical composition of M. sativa L. was determined through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, wherein K562 cells were subjected to varying concentrations (50–100 μg/mL) of methanolic and ethanolic extracts over 24, 48, and 72- hour intervals to determine the IC50. Subsequently, the most promising IC50 result was employed in flow cytometry (Flow Jo Software) analysis. Results: Active constituents identified included phytol, phenol, linolenic acid, and glycine. Statistical analysis revealed a time-dependent but not dose-dependent effect. It was noteworthy that the IC50 for the methanolic extract after 72 hours was 9.45 μg/mL, whereas it was 19.3 μg/mL for the ethanolic extract. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the methanolic extract caused 49.16% and the ethanolic extract caused 15.42% of cell death. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of alfalfa is more effective than the methanolic extract on the K562 cell line. Therefore, M. sativa L. potential application in myeloid cancer therapy can be investigated in more details

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of chloroform, acetone, methanolic, and ethanolic crude extracts of stem, leaves, and roots of Withania somnifera. It was observed that acetone extracts was the most effective followed by methanolic and ethanolic extracts for all the test organisms used. It was observed that acetone extracts were the most effective in inhibiting the growth of all the pathogenic bacteria used. The zone of inhibition was maximum with acetone extracts ranging between 38 and 10 mm, followed by methanolic extracts ranging between 28 and 10 mm and ethanolic extracts ranging between 25 and 8 mm, respectively. However, Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) did not respond to root extracts of both methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The chloroform extracts of stem and leaves showed significant activity against all pathogens with inhibition zone between 20 and 8 mm. The results indicate that acetone, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts of W. somniferamight be exploited as natural drug for the treatment of several infectious diseases caused by these organisms. Key words: Withania somnifera, acetone extracts, methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, antimicrobial activity, inhibition zone.

Plantago lanceolata L. is classified as Plantaginaceae family. Its bioactive properties have been documented in scientific literature, suggesting its efficacy in therapeutic interventions across a spectrum of medical conditions, with a particular focus on cancer treatment. The acetonic and alcoholic extracts of P. lanceolata aerial organs were subjected to the MTT technique, Artemia salina, oral acute hemolysis, GC-MS, and phytochemical screening to determine their in vitro cytotoxic impact, in vivo toxicity, biocompatibility, and phytochemical screening, respectively. The P. lanceolata acetonic extracts exhibited the lowest IC50 values on HCT-116 and HEK- 293 cells. Between 185.04 and 123.98 μg/mL. P. lanceolata extracts in methanol and ethanol showed no toxicity against A. salina (LC50: 27.25 mg/mL and 14.42 mg/mL). For four hours, the tested dosages of the alcoholic extract on red blood cells showed no signs of toxicity. One week following treatment, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of P. lanceolata were not deadly when taken orally. On the Hodge and Sterner scale, P. lanceolata extracts showed no indications of toxicity. P. lanceolata's methanolic extract was described by its primary chemical elements, including n-hexadecanoic acid (15.00%); octadecanoic acid (9.80%); cis-vaccenic acid (5.66%), and 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid (5.66%). P. lanceolata acetonic extract contained n-hexadecanoic acid(1.53%), oleic Acid (1.34%) and linoleic acid (1.15%). The methanolic and ethanolic extracts did not induce hemolysis and were more cytotoxic against HCT- 116 compared to HEK-293. From a pharmaceutical point of view, if toxic drugs show selective toxicity against cancer cells and are non-toxic against normal cells, it is considered advantageous.

In vitro studies were carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts from stem of Dendrophthoe falcata against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Screening of these extracts was done using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, MTT assay and SRB assay. The results showed the significant decrease of the viability of the cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The ethanolic extract of D. falcata showed IC50 107 μg mL-1 in MTT assay and 112 μg mL-1 in SRB assay for MCF-7 cells and thus showed significant cytotoxic activity. The aqueous extract of D. falcata demonstrated higher activity with IC50 90 μg mL-1 in MTT and 98 μg mL-1 in SRB assay for MCF-7 cells, respectively after 48 h of exposure. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay also aqueous extract showed more potent cytotoxicity with LC50 90 μg mL-1 as compared to ethanolic extract with LC50 120 μg mL-1. From results obtained it was observed that both extracts of D. falcata may be a promising alternative to synthetic substances as natural compound with high antiproliferative activities and to be useful in cancer treatment and prevention.