Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and is considered a major health problem in the world. It is associated with endothelial dysfunction which causes progressive vascular damage. DM is a known risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications such as peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Medicinal plants may act as an alternative resource or adjunctive treatment option in the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Parkia speciosa (Fabaceae) is a plant found abundantly in the Southeast Asian region. Its seeds, with or without pods, and roots have long been used as a traditional medicine in this region to treat hypertension and diabetes. Studies have shown its numerous beneficial pharmacological properties. Extracts of P. speciosa, particularly from its seeds and empty pods, show the presence of polyphenols. They also exhibit potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties. Its hypoglycemic properties are reported to be associated with the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmat-4-en-3-one. The current review aimed to provide an overview of the current status of P. speciosa, its pharmacological potential, and its phytochemical content in attenuating diabetic vasculopathy. Glycemic status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia are known to play pivotal roles in the initiation and severity of diabetic cardiovascular diseases; thus, targeting these factors might be beneficial for preventing and/or treating diabetic vasculopathy.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies with profound consequences, both acute and chronic [1,2]
A nonsystematic search of academic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) and grey literature (Google) was performed to extract and synthesize relevant studies that describe the potential roles of P. speciosa in the management of diabetes and related cardiovascular complications
Free radical species can be neutralized through dismutation or reduction by endogenous antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, as well as through direct scavenging or electron transfer by exogenous antioxidants such as vitamin C and E [51,52]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies with profound consequences, both acute and chronic [1,2]. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 431 popular pickle product in Malaysia [5] These plant seeds have been used by locals to treat various diseases and symptoms like diabetes, kidney disorder, headache, hypertension, skin problems, and diarrhea [6,7,8]. We highlight the pharmacological effects of P. speciosa, which include hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive effects. This information might be of benefit for future investigations on P. speciosa, to clarify the links between its pharmacological properties, phytochemical components, and medicinal uses and contribute to attenuating diabetic vasculopathy and its cardiovascular complications
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