Phytochemical Characterization of the Aerial Parts of Teucrium nuchense K. Koch: An Endemic Species of Caucasian Flora

∙) scavenging capacity of the methanol and aqueous extracts increased in a dose dependent manner (up to 0.1 mg/ ml) and plant leaves extract concentrations required for 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50) were recorded as 0.014 and 0.015 mg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The leaf extracts also scavenged the ABTS .+ radical generated by 2,2'-Azinobis-(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)/2.4 mM potassium persulfate (PPS) system and the IC50 values were found to be 0.017 and 0.018 mg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The total antioxidant power of the extract was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals of aqueous extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, proteins, phenols and flavonoids. The methanol extract was found to contain phenols and flavonoids as major phyto-components. Total polyphenol and phenolic acid contents in the methanol extract were found to be 269.85 ± 15.25 and 410.72 ± 9.48 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight, respectively. Total flavonoid and flavonol contents were estimated to be 82.28 ± 3.21 and 151.25 ± 8.75 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry weight, respectively. Total polyphenol and phenolic acid contents in the aqueous extract were found to be 157.05 ± 11.21 and 490.50 ± 10.20 mg GAE/g dry weight, respectively. Total flavonoid and flavonol contents in the aqueous extract were estimated to be 95.80 ± 3.12 and 162.72 ± 9.18 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively. The methanol and aqueous leaf extracts indicated presence of vital phytoconstituents of polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonols that contributed significantly to its antioxidant capacity. Results obtained from the present study signify that the methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of H. rhamnoides possess antioxidant properties and could possibly act as primary antioxidants by scavenging free radicals in disease conditions.

The main aim of this study was to determine Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, terpenoid content, steroid content and analyze the antioxidant activity of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii. Correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, terpenoid content and steroid content were also analyzed. The total phenolic content in E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts were found to be 10.16 mg GAE/g, 24.73 mg GAE/g, 26.11 mg GAE/g, and 24.85 mg GAE/g sample dry weight respectively. The Total flavonoid content of E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts was found to be 8.433 mg QE/g, 8.730 mg QE/g, 8.607 mg QE/g, and 8.545 mg QE/g respectively. Hexane extract showed the highest steroid content at 32.75 g/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract at 31.37 g/mL. The methanol extract and aqueous extract had the lowest steroid content at 22.2 g/mL and 21.21 g/mL, respectively. Terpenoid content was the highest in hexane extract with 62 mg/100 mg of dry extract, followed by the ethyl acetate extract with 45 mg/100 mg dry extract. The total content of terpenoids in the methanol extract was 25 mg/100 mg dry extract and the total content of terpenoids was lowest in the aqueous extract with 18 mg/100 mg dry extract. In 1-1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazine Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) Assay, the methanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 173.581 μg/mL while the hexane extract showed the lowest activity; with IC50 value of 389.13 μg/mL. Reducing power assay was evaluated and aqueous extract was shown to possess the highest reducing power. Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum assay indicated that methanol extract had the highest antioxidant capacity. Significant correlations were also found between Total Phenol Content, Total flavonoid Content, and antioxidant activities of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii.

The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the phytochemical composition, including essential oils, fatty acids, and phenolic constituents, and to evaluate the antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Scabiosa pseudograminifolia Hub.-Mor. (Caprifoliaceae), an endemic species growing in Sivas province of Türkiye. The plant materials were processed to obtain essential oils, and n-hexane, methanol, and aqueous extracts for chemical and biological evaluations. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. Extracts were prepared using n-hexane, methanol, and water through maceration. The chemical compositions of the essential oil and fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-flame ionization detector (FID). Phenolic compounds were identified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity [DPPH, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), β-carotene bleaching, and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assays], and α-amylase inhibitory activity were all evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Hexadecanoic acid (30.2%) and linalool (15.6%) were the main volatile compounds in the essential oil of S. pseudograminifolia. (Z)-3-Hexenal was the dominant leaf and flower volatile. The primary fatty acids were nonadecanoic and hexadecanoic acids. The aqueous extract exhibited the highest total phenolic (0.52±0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/gextract) and flavonoid (0.081±0.002 mg quercetin equivalent/gextract) contents. Among the tested samples, the essential oil showed the strongest TEAC value (2.39±0.15 mM), while the aqueous extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC55: 0.16±0.04 mg/mL) and β-carotene bleaching assays (inhibitory concentration55: 0.730±0.001 mg/mL). The α-amylase inhibition levels of the extracts were found to be relatively low. Chlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic compound. This study presents the first phytochemical and biological investigation of S. pseudograminifolia Hub.-Mor., an endemic species from Türkiye. Essential oil analysis revealed hexadecanoic acid and linalool as major constituents, while nonadecanoic and hexadecanoic acids were predominant among the fatty acids. The methanol extract showed strong antioxidant activity, and chlorogenic acid was identified as a key phenolic compound. These findings support the potential of this species as a valuable source of natural antioxidants.

labile hydrogen and the ability to scavenge the DPPH radical is related to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Matsubara et al., 1991) IC50 value was determined from plotted graph of scavenging activity against the different concentrations of N.nepetella extracts, ascorbic acid, and BHA. The scavenging activity was expressed by the percentage of DPPH reduction after 30 min of reaction. The measurements were duplicate and their scavenging effects were calculated based on the percentage of DPPH scavenged (Blois et al., 1958; Singh et al., 2008). The obtained results are summarized in table 2. The results show that methanolic extract leaves (1.45 ± 0.07 mg/ml), methanolic extract flowers (2.75±0.03 mg/ml), were the most potent of all studied extracts of N.nepetella. For methanolic extract stems (7.37±0.17mg/ml), aqueous extract leaves (10.435±0.61mmg/ml), aqueous extract flowers (17.7±0.14 mg/ml) and aqueous extract stems (20.16±0.23 mg/ml). These capacities of all extracts were less than that ascorbic acid (0.12±0.08 mg/ml) and BHA (0.09±0.03 mg/ml). Reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) The antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts was evaluated by FRAP assay because it also showed high reproducibility (Thaipong et al., 2006). Reducing power is to measure the reductive ability of antioxidant and it is evaluated by the transformation of Fe to Fe by donating an electron, Therefore, the Fe can be monitored by measuring the formation of Perl’s Prussian blue at 700 nm. However, the activity of antioxidants has been assigned to various mechanisms such as prevention of chain initiation, binding of transition-metal ion catalysts, decomposition of peroxides, and prevention of continued hydrogen abstraction, reductive capacity and radical scavenging (Diplock, 1997; Yildirim et al., 2000). Reducing power of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Nepeta nepetella and standards (BHA and TROLOX ) using the potassium ferricyanide reduction method were described in Fig 1. Methanolic extracts of N.nepetella were more potent on reducing power compared to aqueous extracts. However, the reduction power of BHA and TROLOX was relatively more pronounced than that of the different extracts N.nepetella. Table. 1: Total phenolics contents of Nepeta nepetella methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves, flowers and stems. Parameter Leaves Flowers Stems Phenols contents* Aqueous Methanol Aqueous Methanol Aqueous Methanol 41.65±2.18 58.11± 1.24 13.18±1.04 21.42±0.96 14.98±1.07 41.725±0.38 *Expressed as mg GAE/g of dry plant material. The data are displayed with mean ± standard deviation of twice replications. Mean values followed by different superscript in a column are significantly different (p<0.05). SELADJI et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 4 (02); 2014: 012-016 015 β-Carotene –linoleic acid assay In this model system, β-Carotene undergoes rapid discoloration in the absence of an antioxidant, which results in a reduction in absorbance of the test solution with reaction time. This is due to the oxidation of linoleic acid that generates free radicals that attacks the highly unsaturated β-Carotene molecules in an effort to reacquire a hydrogen atom. When this reaction occurs the b-carotene molecule loses its conjugation and, as a consequence, the characteristic orange color disappears. The presence of antioxidant avoids the destruction of the β -carotene conjugate system and the orange color is maintained. The obtained results are summarized in table 3. The results show that methanolic extract leaves (0.247 ± 0.03 mg/ml), methanolic extract flowers (0.195±0.03 mg/ml),and methanolic extract stems(0.148 ±0.003 mg/ml) were the most potent of all studied extracts of N.nepetella and are similar to high than Gallic acid (0.435±0.003 mg/ml) and Trolox (0.242±0.002 mg/ml). For aqueous extract leaves (8.02±0.15 mg/ml), aqueous extract flowers (24.815±0.26 mg/ml) and aqueous extract stems (24.815±0.26 mg/ml).

Portulacaria afra, is indigenous to South Africa and has been identified to have several medicinal properties according to traditional knowledge and few studies. The drive around this research is to evaluate the medicinal properties of the leaves, stems and for the first time the roots extracts of Portulacaria afra, using four solvents with different polarities. The aqueous (60°C), methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate whole plant extracts of P. afra were investigated for their phytochemical properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The phytochemical screening revealed that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves displayed high presence of secondary metabolites compared to n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. The methanolic leaves extracts showed strong presence of quinones, phenols, steroid and coumarins while the aqueous leaves extracts contained a moderate presence of saponins, terpenoids, quinones and coumarins. Ethyl acetate leaves extracts revealed a strong presence of tannins, moderate presence of phytosteroids and a low presence of volatile oil. Meanwhile, the leaves extracts with n-hexane showed a considerable amount of saponins with a moderate presence, and a low presence of tannins, volatile oils and terpenoids. The methanolic stems extracts displayed the most significant presence of secondary metabolites, showing a high presence of terpenoids, steroids, phenols and coumarins. The aqueous stems extracts showed a strong presence of glycosides with a moderate presence of saponins. However, ethyl acetate and n-hexane stems extracts displayed a few secondary metabolites with their concentration ranging from medium to low. The ethyl acetate roots extracts displayed a significant elevated amount of quinones with a strong presence. n-hexane roots extracts showed a moderate presence of volatile oil and a low presence of tannins and steroids. Methanolic roots extracts showed a moderate presence of coumarins and glycosides while aqueous roots extracts showed a low presence of glycosides. The overall highest total phenolics contents (TPCs) and total flavonoids contents (TFCs) in all the plant parts, were found to be in the methanol stems extracts and aqueous roots extracts respectively. Next to the methanol leaves and aqueous leaves extracts respectively. However, in the root’s extracts, the aqueous extracts showed the highest total phenolics content while the water extracts had the highest total flavonoids contents. The antimicrobial activities of P. afra whole plant extracts with the various four solvents were tested against three microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptomyces griseus using agar-well diffusion method. The Antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane extracts of the leaves, stems and roots of P. afra presented a wide range of inhibition against all the test microorganisms, ethyl acetate leaves extract showed a considerable effect against Staphylococcus aureus while the methanolic extracts were not active. Aqueous roots extracts demonstrated a strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus while the other extracts were not active. The zones of inhibition ranged from 13 to 24 mm for the plant extracts. The antioxidant activity potential of the aqueous, methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of P. afra leaves, stems and roots extracts were observed through a 2, 2 diphenylpicryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H₂O₂) and metal chelating activity assay. Ethyl acetate roots extracts exhibited the strongest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity compared to the other extracts. Meanwhile, aqueous stems extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH radical. Aqueous and n-hexane roots extracts displayed the strongest metal chelating ability. These findings reveal the efficacy of the use of several solvents with different polarities for effective and more accurate extraction of various compounds and indicate that the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of P. afra parts are dependent on the solvent extracts.

Allium odorum (A. odorum) L. which is locally known as Maroi nakupi (Chinese chives) belongs to the Alliaceae family and is generally used as condiments/vegetables/spice or as a medicinal herb in Manipur since time immemorial. It can be eaten either as raw/fresh/ or as cooked/ boiled besides consuming as salads and soups. This plant which is similar to normal grass in appearance, is an important perennial, draught resistant, fast-growing and quickest income-generating herb. In view of the various health benefits, we aimed to study the phytochemical screening, its antimicrobial activities and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of A. odorum L.collected from Ema market Manipur. Preliminary phytochemical screening shows the presence of most of the phytochemicals in both aqueous and methanolic extracts of A.odorum L.except amino acids, carbohydrates, steroids and terpenoids. Cardiac glycosides were found to be present in aqueous extract but absent in methanolic extract. Both the phenolic and flavonoid content of A. odorum L.were higher in methanolic extract than aqueous extract. Percentage DPPH scavenging activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts was comparable with standard ascorbic acid with methanolic extract showing higher scavenging activity than aqueous extract. Reducing power for both the aqueous and methanolic extracts showed a slight higher in the methanolic extract. Similar trend was noted in total anti-oxidant activity where methanolic extract showed higher activity than aqueous extract. Antimicrobial Screening for both the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Allium odorum L.showed that both the extracts were found to have antibacterial activity against E.coli and P.aeruginosa but not against B.subtilis and S.aureus. The extracts showed no antifungal activity against any of the test fungi. The methanolic extract exhibited more antibacterial activity when compared with the aqueous extract. It was also observed that both the methanolic and aqueous extract showed antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria only. GC-MS analysis is the first step towards understanding the nature of the bioactive compounds and this study leads to the identification of a number of compounds. Isolation of individual phytochemical constituent and subjecting it to biological activity will definitely give fruitful results. Furthur studies for identification of the bioactive components responsible for higher anti-oxidant activity and exploitation for largescale production for used in pharmaceutical industries will be our next target. The present study provides a baseline data for future studies geared towards the therapeutic benefits of A.odorum L.

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

Natural plant extracts contain a variety of phenolic contents, which are associated to various biological activities. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of organic (ethanol and methanol) and aqueous extracts prepared from Ziziphus lotus L seeds. The total polyphenol content of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, it was in the range of 50.67 ± 1.44 (Ethanolic Extract), 39.32 ± 1.44 (Methanolic Extract) and 23.54 ± 0,44 (Aqueous Extract) mg gallic acid equivalent/g DW. The content in flavonoids was estimated at 69.19 ± 0.10 (Ethanolic Extract), 53.13 ± 0.55 (Methanolic Extract) and 9.63 ± 0.88 (Aqueous Extract) mg equivalent quercitin/g DW. The condensed tannin assay revealed that the methanol extract was rich on tannin (9.12 ± 1.07 mg/g) relatively to the ethanol and aqueous extracts (4.97 ± 0.95 and 1, 88 ± 0.47 mg/g respectively). The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro by DPPH and phosphomolydbate (total antioxidant capacity). The results reveal that the three extracts have a capacity to trap the DPPH radical with IC50 1.33 ± 0.01, 1.32 ± 0.09 and 3.11 ± 0.05 mg/ml for the methanol, ethanol and aqueous extract respectively. This antioxidant activity is confirmed by the phosphomolybdate test. The antimicrobial activity of the studied extracts was evaluated using the broth microdilution, on five microbial strains: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida tropicalis. Results revealed an activity on the four bacterial strains tested. While the fungal strain (Candida tropicalis) showed an amount of resistance to the tested extracts. All this results could justify the use of Ziziphus lotus in the treatment of various infections in traditional environments.

Background:: Calamintha nepeta is a plant from the Lamiaceae family that is known for its traditional use to treat diabetes among Algerian populations. However, till now, there has been no research work to confirm this activity. Objectives:: This work aimed to evaluate the amylase inhibitory activity of essential oils and phenolic compounds from both methanolic and aqueous extracts of Algerian Calamintha nepeta (L.). Methods:: The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC and then GC/MS. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were obtained from the remains of the hydrodistillation. Total phenolic compounds were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The amylase inhibitory activity of the extracts was determined by testing their ability to inhibit alpha-amylase. Results:: The extraction yield was 0.67 % (w/w) for the essential oil, and 11.85 and 4.38 % (w/w) for the aqueous and methanolic extracts, respectively. The essential oil analysis revealed that menthone, menthol, pulegone, and pulegone oxide were the main components of the oil. The total phenolic compounds in the aqueous and methanolic extracts were 41.81 and 32.92 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The extracts inhibited α-amylase activity with IC50 values of 24.46, 31.54, and 115.47 mg/ml for the methanolic extract, essential oil, and aqueous extract, respectively. Conclusion:: The different extracts of Calamintha nepeta showed an interesting composition and significant amylase inhibitory activity, emphasizing their successful use in traditional medicine.

Traditional preparation of Phaleria nisidai, a Palauan tea, reduces exposure to toxic daphnane-type diterpene esters while maintaining immunomodulatory activity

The present study was aimed at investigation of the chemical composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of topinambur Helianthus tuberosus L. extracts for its further application in medicine. Crude methanol extract from the tubers of H. tuberosus L. cultivated in Tajikistan, was analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Chlorogenic and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids were identified as major components of the tuber methanol extract by NMR and peak matching in LC-MS/MS chromatogram with defined standards. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol and aqueous extracts were determined using Folin – Ciocalteu and aluminum colorimetric methods, respectively. The methanol extract showed substantial phenolic and flavonoid contents in comparison to the aqueous extract. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 67.12 ± 1.2 mg caffeic acid equivalent and 3.53 ± 0.1 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of the methanol extract were determined. Their antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Half –inhibitory (IC50) values of the methanol extract were 13.61 ± 0.1 μg/mL for DPPH and 30.23 ± 0.4 μg/mL for ABTS test, respectively. The FRAP value of the methanol extract and positive control were 850.24 ± 14 and 2380 ± 46 mM FeSO4/mg extract, respectively. The aqueous extract exhibited low antioxidant activity. In addition, cytotoxicity of the methanol extracts was evaluated using MTT assay on CCRF-CEM and P-gp overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 cancer cell lines. The methanol extract showed a rather weak activity with IC50 values 265.0 μg/mL for CCRF-CEM and 345.9 μg/mL for CEM/ADR5000. As CEM/ADR5000 cells overexpress the ABC transporter P-gp, this result indicated that the extract apparently contained substances which affect P-gp, which need further investigations. In conclusion, methanol extract of H. tuberosus is rich with chlorogenic and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and exhibits strong antioxidant activity and weak cytotoxicity.

Anticandidal, antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Calendula arvensis flowers

In this study, different solvent extracts of skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) were assayed for their total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity [determined as DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and comet assay], and α-glucosidaseinhibitory activity. The TPC of skullcap ranged from 9.06 mg/g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) for acetone extract (AE) to 91.8 mg/g GAE for methanol extract (ME). AE, which had a low TPC, exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity. TPC positively correlated with the ORAC assay (r=0.96, p<0.001). All skullcap extracts significantly reduced the hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in human leukocytes. ME with a high TPC and ORAC value showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibition. The difference in the biological activities of the extracts may be due to the differences in their chemical structure or polarity. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that might be a potential source of compounds with health-protective effects. ME, in particular, might be a prospective therapeutic agent for diabetes.

Spices have been used for centuries for food preservation, flavors, and medicinal properties. Research suggests that garlic, turmeric, and ginger contain potent antioxidants that may prevent and/or delay chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Heat treatment of spices may potentially increase antioxidative activity by modifying the inherent chemical structure of potent antioxidative compounds within spices. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of thermal treatment of garlic, ginger, and turmeric on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), trolox activity (TEAC), lipase, a-amylase, and a-glucosidase inhibition. Conventional stovetop heating of selected spices was performed followed by methanolic and aqueous extractions (1 - 5 minutes; 70°C - 130°C). Overall methanolic extracts had higher phytochemical, antioxidative, and anti-diabetic potential. However, aqueous garlic extracts exhibited higher phytochemical and antioxidative potential over methanolic garlic extracts. The highest TPC for aqueous garlic extracts was observed at 1 minute (14.11 mg GAE/g) while methanolic garlic extracts at 1 minute were significantly lower (1.72 mg GAE/g). Methanolic turmeric extracts had highest TPC at 5 minutes (28.55 mg GAE/g). Time and temperature influenced antioxidant activity in the spices. Turmeric and ginger (methanolic extracts) resulted in higher percent inhibition of DPPH radical with an increase in time (5 minute) turmeric (86.9%) and ginger (79.09%) at 7.9 mg/mL concentration. The results of this study revealed both solvent and time for thermal treatment of spices influenced antioxidative potential as determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. Therefore, the use of thermal application on spices presents promise in potentiating the antioxidant content and thereby their potential health promoting properties. Spices are utilized in the U.S. food industry and increasing their use as a natural antioxidant preservative and flavoring agent may have beneficial impact in food product development.

Phillyrea latifolia L. is a type of shrubland, which is widely known as mock privet, and belongs to the Oleaceae family. The objective of this study was to compare and assess the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of the fruit and leaves of P. latifolia L. Phenolics were analysed by detecting individual bioactive compounds using an LCMS-2020 quadrupole mass spectrometer and by calculating total phenolic content (TPC). For the first time, the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of both leaves and fruit were determined using DPPH radical scavenging. The aqueous extract was indicated to have higher antioxidant activities than ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. The individual constituents within the different extracts for both fruit and leaves were detected as the luteolin-7-O-glucoside in the ethyl acetate (854 μg · g–1 and 1,098 μg · g–1), methanol (1,241 μg · g–1 and 2,136.43 μg · g–1) and aqueous (509 μg · g–1 and 898.23 μg · g–1) extracts, respectively. Extractions of ethyl acetate and methanol demonstrated stronger inhibitory activity against human salivary α-amylase than the aqueous extract of both parts of the mock privet. Similarly, extraction of ethyl acetate from the leaves and fruit of the mock privet indicated significantly better inhibitory activity than the methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively, for the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. This study indicates that both fruit and leaves of mock privet may use as a potential source of natural biomolecules to promote healthy activities.