Phytochemical analysis, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar

Background: Secondary metabolites of plants such as phenol and flavonoids have an extreme potential for neutralizing free radicals. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of plants are related to phenolic or flavonoids compounds. The occurrence of drug resistance to antimicrobial drugs has led to use of medicinal herbs in treatment of infections. Antibiotic resistant of Staphylococcus aureus has become a major problem in the treatment of diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) of Polygonatum orientale Desf and Tilia dasystyla and evaluation of their anti-bacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. Investigation of TPC of P. orientale Desf and T. dasystyla has not been reported before. Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoid content of P. orientale Desf and T. dasystyla extracts were determined using colorimetric methods of Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated by microdilution broth and disc diffusion methods to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Results: The results showed that TFC of P. orientale Desf with the value of 7.9 ± 0.040 mg/g DW extracted with diluted water solvent and boiling method and TPCs of T. dasystyla with the value of 62.13 ± 0.073 mg/g DW extracted with methanol solvent and boiling method were the highest amount. Methanol extract of P. orientale Desf had more antibacterial activities with the MBC and MIC values of 0.140 mg/mL and 8±0.4 mm zone of inhibition. Conclusion: Tilia dasystyla and P. orientale Desf contain bioactive compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids that can be used as promising option in pharmacognostical studies for treatment of S. aureus infections.

Solanum anguivi Lam. is an ethnomedicinal plant. Local traditional practitioners believe that it reduces the risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis diseases. The present study was intended to conduct qualitative phytochemical analysis, determine the total flavonoid and phenolic contents, estimate the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activities of the extracts of the fruits of this plant. The antioxidant activity was determined by analyzing the radical scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antibacterial activities were determined by the agar well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the crude extracts obtained from the fruits of the plant indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content were obtained in the ethanol extract of the fruits, followed by dichloromethane and n-hexane extract. The total phenolic content (in gallic acid equivalents, GAE) ranged from 113.3 to 202.72 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content (in catechin equivalent, CE) varied from 61.72 to 142.64 mg (CE)/g. All fruit extracts of S. anguivi exhibited antioxidant activity as revealed by DPPH and FRAP assays. The DPPH RSA (% inhibition) of the fruit extract varied from 35.11 to 80.13. The total phenolic and Flavonoid contents showed alinear correlation with RSA. Furthermore, all fruit extracts showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria varying from 12.5 to 16.75 mm. The result showed that the extracts of the plant exerted stronger bactericidal effect on gram-positive bacteria than on gram-negative bacteria. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1993087 .

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of Vernonia amygdalina planted in Mekong Delta. The optimized conditions for maceration of pandan leaves included drying method, ratio of pandan leaf powder-to-solvent, and extraction time.
 Methodology: The fresh pandan leaves were divided into two equal portions, subjected to different drying methods: shade and oven drying. The dried leaf powder was macerated in ethanol at room temperature. The maceration was conducted with 3 different ratios of pandan leaf powder-to-solvent (w/v) (1:10, 1:15 and 1:20), and the extraction time was 1, 2 and 3 days. The total flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method whereas the total phenolic content was assessed using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was quantitatively evaluated using DPPH test.
 Results: The results indicated that the best conditions for maceration of pandan leaves were 1:10 shade-dried leaf powder-to-solvent ratio in 1-day extraction time. Accordingly, the total flavonoid and phenolic content was found to be the highest value of 130.02 ± 2.24 mg QE/g of dried extract and 100.67 ± 1.76 mg GAE/g of dried extract (p < 0.05), respectively. The lowest IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of pandan leaf extract was found to be 0.90 ± 0.02 mg/mL (p < 0.05). In addition, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenge activity and total flavonoid content was R2 = 0.74 compared to that of phenolic content with the value of R2 = 0.69, indicating that the IC50 of DPPH free-radical scavenge capacity of pandan leaves was influenced chiefly by flavonoid compounds.
 Conclusion: There was a significant difference in phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity between shade-dried and oven-dried pandan leaf extracts.

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

Cardamom (Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton) is one of the largest contribution in biopharmaceutical production plants in Indonesia that is equal to 12.22% and yield reaching 105.735 kg/year in Pekalongan Regency. The largest cardamom production in Pekalongan Regency is in 2 districts, namely Linggo Asri and Paninggaran. Cardamom is used in traditional medicines, because it has chemical compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics. The aim of this study was to compare total flavonoids and total phenolics content in Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton extract originates from Linggo Asri and Paninggaran district, Pekalongan Regency. The samples were extracted by water extraction, and then phytochemical contents were identified with HCl and FeCl3 reagent. The samples were calculated of total flavonoids and total phenolics content by spectrometric using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and Folin–Ciocalteu method. The result showed a significant difference in the levels of total phenolic content between Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton extract origin from Linggo Asri district 41.43±0.54 µg/mg and Paninggaran district 120.55±1.89 µg/mg, but it was not found in total flavonoid content where from Linggo Asri district 289.06±4.1 µg/mg and Paninggaran district 303.81±0.5 µg/mg. The conclusion is Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton extract originates from Linggo Asri and Paninggaran district of Pekalongan city showed a significant difference in the levels of total phenolic content, but it was not found in total flavonoid content.

Objective: Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. of Sterculiaceae family is locally known as “Faloak” in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. S. quadrifida is used in folk medicine to treat hepatitis, rheumatism, and to recover stamina. The aim of this study was to determine the total flavonoids, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of extracts from different plant parts of S. quadrifida.
 Methods: The sampled parts of S. quadrifida were non-stripped stem bark, new regrown stem bark, old regrown stem bark, root bark, branch bark, and leaves. Stem bark was classified into three categories, namely, bark that has never been peeled (non-stripped stem bark), old regrown stem bark (estimated to be >6 months after debarking), and new regrown stem bark (estimated to be <6 months after debarking). Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by colorimetric aluminum chloride method and TPC was measured using Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent. Antioxidant activity was determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
 Results: The concentrations of flavonoids in S. quadrifida extracts from different plant parts varied from 0.58±0.13 to 1.25±0.10 mg QE/g. The TPC in the extracts of different plant parts ranged between 8.61±0.09 and 10.43±0.08 mg GAE/g. Branch bark has the highest total flavonoid and phenolic content. The extract of new regrown stem bark exhibited potent antioxidant activity with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.51±0.03 μg/ml.
 Conclusion: This study demonstrated for the first time that extracts from different plant parts of S. quadrifida exhibited strong antioxidant activity. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in S. quadrifida only indicated a weak correlation with its antioxidant activity.

Sixty Brazilian honey samples were analysed for their total phenolic content with the Folin-Denis reagent, total flavonoid content by aluminium chloride method, and antioxidant activity by reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. Colour was also classified according to visual analysis and Pfund scale. Linear relationships were observed between colour and flavonoid content, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents. The white-coloured Citrus honey showed the lowest antioxidant activity, while the light ambar Verbenaceae honey showed the highest total phenolics and antioxidant activity. Dark-coloured and polyfloral honeys, though less popularized among consumers, showed average to high antioxidant capacity.

The focus of the present study was to determine the association of the anti-oxidant activity of Costus speciosus (Koen Ex. Retz.) Sm. with the total phe-nolic content and the total flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was quantified by diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride method. Among the four extracts of the plant, the ethanol extract exhibited the high-est antioxidant activity and also the highest total phenolic and flavonoid con-tents. A strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A statistical model was de-rived to explain this dependence and a non-linear association was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total flavonoid content.

Aims: Plants need an appropriate amount of nutrients such as copper for growth and development. However, excess of copper may interrupt plant development and cause stress that led to biochemical compounds being synthesized. The influence of a high copper sulfate concentration on phenolic and flavonoid content in Phyllanthus tenellus plants was investigated.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a government compound at MARDI Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia (2° 59' 31.7292'' N 101° 41' 56.706'' E), from April 2021 to Jun 2021.
 Methodology: The experiment was conducted using a vertical column planting system under a side-netted rain shelter. The plants were subjected to 0.5 M copper sulfate sprayed after 60 days of planting and harvested 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after sprayed for further analysis. Total phenolic content was calculated as mg gallic acid equivalent and total flavonoid content was measured as quercetin equivalent.
 Results: Highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was detected after 0.5 hours of copper sulfate application and started to decrease towards 24 hours after sprayed. Treated samples showed a 1.18-fold increase in total phenolic content and 1.4-fold increase in total flavonoid content compared to control untreated samples after 0.5 hours of sprayed. Control samples showed stability in both total phenolic and flavonoid content throughout the harvesting periods. Phenolic is the major secondary metabolites in Phyllanthus tenellus plants.
 Conclusion: Data revealed that the application of 0.5 M copper sulfate is able to enhance total phenolic and flavonoid content in Phyllanthus tenellus plants. The study suggested that the optimum harvesting time is 0.5 hours after copper sulfate application.

BACKGROUND As the longevity of human lives has increased, the geriatric population is increasing demonstrating more number of oral candidal infections due to decreased immunity. Natural products are being investigated to be used to treat oral candidiasis in place of synthetic drugs in selective geriatric cases. Propolis is one such natural product, which is time tested and developed by nature as an antimicrobial agent. Its toxicity is very less. It can be used in multiple forms. It has the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties apart from antibiotic properties and potency of the material improves as it matures with time. But the constituents of Propolis differ with the different sources of procurement. We wanted to evaluate the efficacy of the Propolis procured from Hubballi against Candida albicans in this study. METHODS In this invitro study, Hubballi Propolis was extracted by maceration and refluxing. Water and 70 % ethanol were used as extraction solvents. Total Phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by using Folin - Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method and Aluminium chloride colorimetric method respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity effect of Propolis was estimated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the samples. RESULTS The results of the studies revealed that propolis samples have effective antifungal activity against Candida albicans with MIC range from 0.01mg / ml to 0.03 mg / ml and comparable high total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents ranging from 175.4 ± 5.7 to 192.2 ± 3.3 and 33.08 ± 10 to 31.73 ± 8.5 mg / ml respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hubballi Propolis can be used for treating Candidal infection. Further, water extract Propolis showed better in total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) than the alcohol extract. This finding is important to overcome the disadvantage of alcohol extract and hence very useful for application in Dentistry, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. KEY WORDS Antifungal Activity, Hubballi Propolis, Flavonoid Content, Phenolic Content

Six cultivars of kiwifruits grown in Korea, including Actinidia eriantha ‘Bidan’, A. arguta ‘Chiak’, A. arguta ‘Darae No. 2’, A. chinensis ‘Haegeum’, A. chinensis ‘Haehyang’, and A. arguta × A. deliciosa ‘Mansoo’, were harvested at various maturity stages to test whether kiwifruit maturity has an influence on antioxidant capacity or total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Kiwifruit extracts were isolated using absolute methanol and then 80% (v·v-1) aqueous methanol during homogenization. ‘Bidan’, collected at the second harvest stage, contained the greatest amount of total phenolics (775.3 mg gallic acid equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight) and had the highest antioxidant capacity [816.5, 633.2, and 2,662.7 mg vitamin C equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight for 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays, respectively] among cultivars tested, while ‘Haehyang’, collected at the first harvest, contained the greatest amount of total flavonoids (13.1 mg catechin equivalents·100 g-1 fresh weight). Kiwifruit cultivar and genotype influenced antioxidant capacity, as well as total phenolic and flavonoid contents. No trend, however, was observed in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in the antioxidant capacity with respect to maturity stage. Antioxidant capacity had a higher linear correlation coefficient with total phenolic contents than with total flavonoid contents. The results above suggest that kiwifruits at various maturity stages are a valuable source of phenolics and antioxidants for industrial application and consumer health benefit.

Eriobotrya plants are known to have significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids, and exhibit a strong antioxidant activity. Experiments were conducted to examine variation in the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant activities in the leaves of 11 Eriobotrya species (Tibet loquat, Daduhe loquat, Hengchun loquat, Taiwan loquat, Oak leaf loquat, Bengal loquat, Fragrant loquat, Guangxi loquat, Obovate loquat, Big flower loquat, and common loquat, the last species include two materials, one is a cultivar 'Zaozhong 6', another is a wild tree). In these species, 'Zaozhong 6' loquat is a cultivar. The leaf extracts of 'Tibet', 'Obovate', 'Taiwan', 'Bengal' and 'Hengchun' loquats exhibited significantly higher contents of total flavonoids and total phenolics, compared with those of other species. Of these 11 species, the highest contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids were observed in 'Tibet' and 'Obovatae' loquats, respectively. The significantly stronger antioxidant abilities assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power were obtained in the leaf extracts of 'Taiwan', 'Tibet', 'Bengal', 'Oak leaf', 'Hengchun' and 'Obovate' loquats, compared with the other species. In addition, significant correlations were found between the contents of total phenolics or flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity/reducing power. This work indicates that the leaf extracts of the wild Eriobotrya species, 'Tibet', 'Obovatae', 'Taiwan', 'Bengal', 'Oak leaf' and 'Hengchun' loquats, exhibited significantly higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids, and significantly stronger antioxidant activities, compared with the cultivated species, 'Zaozhong 6' loquat, which suggests that these wild species have a better utilization value.

Aim: The current study was undertaken to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to assess the antioxidant activity of two different extracts (flour and oil) of two Algerian Quercus species, Quercus ilex L. and Quercus suber L. Methods and Material: The oil extraction of the two species was achieved using the Soxhlet method. The obtained extracts were estimated for the chemical and physical constants (acidity, peroxide value, iodine value, and ultraviolet absorption indices). Total phenolic content was measured by spectrophotometry according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The studied extracts were submitted to an estimation of their flavonoid contents too, using aluminum chloride methods. Antioxidant ability was assessed by means of two distinct methods (DPPH• and ABTS•+). Results: The obtained results revealed that antioxidant properties, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents differed significantly among selected species and extracts. The flour samples possessed the highest level of total phenolic contents (1101–1464 mg GAE/kg dry weight) and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacities with average values of 52.62–40.78 μmol TE g−1 dry weight and 36.19–44.50 μmol TE g−1 dry weight for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Acorn oil extracts showed also remarkable antioxidant activity, up to 2.69 and 3.23 μmol TE g−1 oil (DPPH and ABTS test, respectively), even though the total phenolic contents were low (195.64–322.06 mg GAE /kg of oil). Total phenolic amounts were positively correlated with the antioxidant properties of Quercus flour and oil. Conclusions: Our study provides basic information on the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in acorn fruits, in order to consider their extracts as functional food ingredients and potential source of natural antioxidants. Keywords: Quercus ilex L., Quercus suber L., Total phenolic, Total flavonoid, Antioxidant activity.

Senna didymobotrya has been used in Kenya by the Kipsigis community to control malaria as well as diarrhoea. The Pokot prepare charcoal from the stem for milk preservation. Research has not been done to investigate the effect of different extraction solvents on yield, total phenolic and flavonoid content of Senna didymobotrya plant roots. The aim of this study was to compare root extract yield of diethyl-ether, methanol, and aqueous solvents; phytochemical screening; and total phenolic and flavonoid content of Senna didymobotrya plant roots. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet method. Phytochemical screening was done using Harborne's (1973) method with a slight modification. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colourimetric assay at 420 nm. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu at 760 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Extraction yield of diethyl ether, methanol, and distilled water were 3.72 g (7.44%), 4.97 g (9.94%), and 9.09 g (18.18%), respectively, showing a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the yields obtained using the different solvents. Phytochemical screening was positive for phenols, tannins, saponins, gladiac glycosides, anthraquinones, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Total flavonoid content was found to be 48.3 ± 1.5 (QEmg/g) and total phenol content was calculated as 34.5 ± 0.1 (GAEmg/g). Distilled water can be utilized as the best extraction solvent. Senna has a high amount of flavonoid and phenolic content. The limitation of this research is that it only tested root extracts and not leaves, flowers, or seeds. More studies need to be done to isolate the different compounds identified.

Background: Alphonsea monogyna has been recorded in Vietnam and studied for its alkaloid constituents, essential oil composition and antibacterial activity. However, there is limited research on its other chemical constituents and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic, total flavonoid and total alkaloid contents, along with antioxidant activity of A. monogyna. Materials and methods: Whole plants of A. monogyna were collected in Hue City. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. The total alkaloid content was determined by the gravimetric method. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Results: The ethanol extract from the branches of A. monogyna exhibited a notable total phenolic content of 102.68 ± 1.25 mg GAE/g extract. The flavonoid content was found to be 2.13 ± 0.06 mg QE/g extract in the leaves and 1.29 ± 0.04 mg QE/g extract in the branches. The total alkaloid content in the leaves and branches of A. monogyna was 0.70 ± 0.02% and 0.28 ± 0.02%, respectively. In both DPPH and ABTS assays, the branch extract showed stronger antioxidant activity than the leaf extract, with IC50 values of 45.62 ± 0.64 μg/mL and 8.37 ± 0.28 μg/mL, respectively. In comparison, the positive control, ascorbic acid, demonstrated significantly lower IC50 values of 2.69 ± 0.09 μg/mL for DPPH and 1.27 ± 0.08 μg/mL for ABTS. Conclusion: This study provided valuable insights into the chemical composition of Alphonsea monogyna, detailing the total phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloid contents, as well as its antioxidant activity.