Abstract
Economy of several tropical countries is regulated by productivity of wheat, which is the major staple crop. High temperature stress, salinity, osmotic stress, heavy metals, UV radiations, etc. are among major abiotic stresses that have detrimental effects on the yield of wheat. Morphological studies revealed that heavy metal, high temperature, excess light, salinity, nanoparticles, and UV stress caused a decline in plant growth, germination rate, root and shoot length, and seed filling stages in wheat plants. Biochemical and physiological studies have shown that abiotic stresses have inhibitory effect on photosynthetic active reaction centers, linear electron transport, oxygen-evolving complex, membrane integrity, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nanoparticles, in particular, alter mineral nutrition, cause oxidative stress, and induce genotoxicity in crops and show a negative impact. However, if they are used in lower concentrations, they enhance plant productivity and crop yield. This chapter summarizes a comprehensive updated review on overall physiological responses of wheat plants to various abiotic stresses and the protective mechanisms prevailing in the plants for protection.
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