Abstract
The inclination toward natural products have led the onset for the discovery of new bioactive metabolites that could be targeted for specific therapeutic or agronomic applications. This study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from Cleome arabica L., and subsequently determine the unexplored mechanism of action of the newly identified compounds on Lactuca sativa L. Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic silique extract of C. arabica afforded seven secondary metabolites belonging to different classes such as flavonoids, triterpene, and a new thiohydroximate derivative, named cleomside A. Among phytotoxic assays, the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A compared to the other identified compounds. This effect was associated with the increased levels of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide indicating disruption of membrane integrity and induction of oxidative stress. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX were also elevated, thereby demonstrating the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species upon identified allelochemical exposure. Thus, the changes caused by cleomside A described herein can contribute to better understanding the allelochemical actions of thiohydroximate and the potential use of these substances in the production of natural herbicides compared to the other identified flavonoids and triterpene.
Highlights
In the agricultural field, many invasive species have demonstrated resistance to commercially available herbicides, which cause about 32% of yield reduction, and lead to huge economic losses [1]
Repeated chromatographic purification of methanol extract of C. arabica yield to isolation of an unusual indole derivative whose structure was assigned by extensive spectroscopic analysis and six know compounds (2–7, Figure 1)
This is the first report on the mode of action of the identified allelochemicals from the silique of C
Summary
Many invasive species have demonstrated resistance to commercially available herbicides, which cause about 32% of yield reduction, and lead to huge economic losses [1]. The production of synthetic herbicides was declined since the last two decades due to the absence of the discovery of a new target site of action [2]. Many phytotoxic products are isolated and identified from different plant tissues, and to shed light on these phytotoxic compounds, it is important to discover new natural components with new target site that could offer interesting templates for potential pharmaceutical and agricultural applications [4]. (genus Cleome) an annual herb in the family of Capparidaceae, is abundant in sandy environments, and the gravel, and stony grounds in arid Tunisia.
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