Physics of Tsunami: Generation, Propagation and Rise of the Ocean

The ‘Ocean Rise & Coastal Resilience Coalition’ led by the Ocean & Climate Platform, the Government of France, and the City of Nice will be launched a the UNOC3. It aims (1) to provide a platform for achieving better collaboration at every stage of the adaptation process for coastal cities and regions, by uniting coastal cities and regions representatives, international, regional and national networks of local authorities, financial intermediaries, scientific institutions and experts, civil society organizations, and land-use planners; (2) to advocate for the interests of coastal cities and regions, strengthening their representation and leadership in international political forums, conferences and summits.Among the three thematical priorities of the Coalition, one is to strengthen scientific cooperation and data access and sharing, to help cities and regions gain a better understanding of the challenges and scenarios for the future. In a context of great climate uncertainty, it is vital for coastal cities and regions to improve and extend local data collection, observation and climate projections, while drawing on multiple knowledge systems, including local and indigenous, to feed systemic models and inform decision.At the Ocean Ocean Science Congress, the Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) would like to present the conclusion of the work realized under a working group, let by the IOC-UNESCO and the OCP, aiming to define how the Ocean Rise & Coastal Resilience Coalition can best support coastal cities and regions in the production and use of knowledge.The main deliverable will allow: Continuous assessment of scientific literature: Conduct rolling reviews to update coastal resilience needs from a multidisciplinary perspective, in collaboration with non-academic knowledge holders. Enhancing space infrastructure capabilities: Strengthen capabilities that support advanced services using space-based tools to address coastal resilience challenges. Leveraging AI, cloud systems, and advanced sensor technologies: Harness emerging technologies to allow communities to access expert support equitably, for example, assistance in drafting grant proposals. Encouraging civic engagement: Recognize the importance of citizen science and ocean literacy in fostering active civic participation in coastal resilience efforts. Building on existing initiatives: Coordinate local, national, and regional initiatives to overcome collaboration and data-sharing challenges. To achieve this, synthesize existing data-sharing tools

All petroleum provinces on the American rim of the Pacific lie on or near present or past intersections of continents and spreading centers. Pacific coast production in the conterminous United States is restricted to the region between the East Pacific Rise in the Gulf of California and the Gorda Rise off northern California; the coastal basins may have started generating petroleum when North America drifted westward over the East Pacific Rise. The petroleum provinces of coastal and offshore Ecuador and Peru are near an east-west spreading center near the Galapagos Islands. Cook Inlet, Alaska, is not now on an oceanic rise, but magnetic anomalies in the Gulf of Alaska suggest that a rise intersected southern Alaska in Tertiary time. In contrast, no commercial oil has been found on the Pacific slope of any American island arc, including the Aleutian, Cascade, Mexican-Central American, and Andean arcs and volcanic chains. Intersections of rises and continents are favorable regions for petroleum accumulation. Block faulting characteristic of rises tends to produce stagnant basins End_Page 663------------------------------ with sapropelic shales; adjacent fault-block mountains shed coarse detritus into the basins so that reservoir rocks are interbedded with petroleum source rocks. Faulting and folding contemporaneous with deposition may result in early-formed, time-persistent structures, High heat flow may cause petroleum generation at relatively shallow depths. Using this hypothesis as an exploration tool, regions that warrant further prospecting include the head of the Gulf of California, Magdalena Bay in Baja California Sur, and southern Chile. End_of_Article - Last_Page 664------------

As the oceans rise, researchers aim to forecast where severe storms will trigger the worst flooding. As the ocean rises, researchers work to forecast where severe storms will trigger the worst flooding.

We outline the critical importance of the ocean for planetary health, economic prosperity, and human well-being, while highlighting the urgent threats it faces from climate change, pollution, overfishing, and poor governance. It presents the One Ocean Science Congress (OOSC) and the 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3), scheduled for June 2025 in Nice, France, as pivotal events aimed at promoting ocean sustainability through science-based policy, innovation, and global cooperation. The OOSC will deliver scientific recommendations to Heads of States and Govern-ments, while additional high-level events—the Ocean Rise and Coastal Resilience Summit and the Blue Economy and Finance Forum—will address climate adaptation and sustainable investment. The outcome of these efforts will be the Nice Ocean Action Plan, comprising a political declaration, voluntary commitments, and strategic priorities focused on multilateral processes, financial mobilization, and enhanced scientific knowledge to advance the Sustainable Develop-ment Goal 14 and ensure a resilient, thriving ocean for future generations.

The upper Ediacaran stratigraphic record hosts fossil assemblages of Earth’s earliest communities of complex, macroscopic, multicellular life. Tubular fossils are a common and diverse, though frequently undercharacterized, component of many of these assemblages. Gaojiashania cyclus is an enigmatic tubular fossil and candidate index fossil found in upper Ediacaran strata globally and is best known from the Gaojiashan Lagerstätte of South China. Here we describe a recently discovered assemblage of Gaojiashania fossils from the Ediacaran Dunfee Member of the Deep Spring Formation of Nevada, USA. Both body and trace fossil affinities have been proposed for Gaojiashania; we present morphological and biostratinomic evidence for a body fossil affinity for the Dunfee specimens. Additionally, previous studies have highlighted that Ediacaran tubular fossils are characterized by a wide range of preservational modes, including association with pyrite, apatite, or clay minerals and preservation as carbonaceous compressions. Petrographic, SEM, and EDS data indicate that the Dunfee Gaojiashania specimens are preserved as ‘Ediacara-style’ external, internal and composite molds, in siltstone and sandstone with a clay mineral-rich matrix of both aluminosilicates and non-aluminous Mg- and Fe-rich silicate minerals that we interpret as authigenic clays. Authigenic clay-mediated fossilization of unmineralized tissues, including moldic preservation in heterolithic siliciclastic strata, as indicated by the Dunfee Gaojiashania, may be linked to the prevalence of both silica-rich and ferruginous seawater conditions prior to both the radiation of silica-biomineralizing organisms and the rise of ocean and atmospheric oxygen to modern levels. In this light, clay authigenesis may have played a critical role in facilitating multiple modes of Ediacaran and Cambrian exceptional fossilization, thus shaping the stratigraphic distribution of a range of Ediacara macrofossil taxa.

When I first met Bob Beauregard in 1998, he had a page torn from the New York Times taped to his office door. The headline was huge. It read, “OCEANS RISE. CITIES FALL.” I was heartened that my pro...

Good international laws and policies will become necessary for dealing with the migration of populations of low lying island nations that may disappear as oceans rise, environmentalists have warned. Susan...

Continental displacements of thousands of kilometres point to flow patterns in the mantle of similar dimensions. As creep depends exponentially on temperature and as it is known that the temperature of the crust increases rapidly with depth, we can in this context suppose the mantle to have a sharp transition between a rigid crust and a fluid mantle at 50 to 100 km depth. Recently the coefficients of the tesseral harmonics of the geopotential from satellite observations have been determined. These departures from hydrostatic equilibrium seem to be caused by flow in the mantle, for from these coefficients can be computed the tractions exerted by the flow on the crust, assuming Navier—Stokes’s equations, and the resulting pattern accords well with the world-wide tectonic features. Rising flow is associated with the East Pacific Ocean Rise, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Mid-Indian Ocean Rise. Descending currents coincide with the Andes, the Alps and the Japan trench. The strong fifth harmonic in the satellite gravity data suggests that a flow pattern of this degree is at present establishing itself. On the other hand, continental reconstructions prior to Wegenerian drift suggest the presence of a strong fourth harmonic in the flow pattern. The theory of marginal stability in thermal convection, discussed by S. Chandrasekhar, shows that convection in a spherical shell under a uniform radial gravitational field gives the critical ratio of the radii of the inner to outer surfaces (tj) at which the fifth order is more likely to develop than the fourth as 0*54. The closeness of this value of to the present one of 0*55 provides a clue to the most puzzling feature of continental drift; that it should have occurred in the last 5 % of the Earth’s history. H. C. Urey suggested that, on the accretion theory of the Earth’s origin, the separation of iron towards the centre might have gradually occurred through the Earth’s life. A growth of the core from 0*54 to 0-55 in the last 100-200 My does not conflict with the known rate of change in the length of the day. This explanation of the flow in terms of convection and changes in the degree of the flow pattern as a result of growth of the core implies earlier epochs of continental displacements, which are identified with peaks in the histograms of radiometric ages in the various continents. The law of growth of the core, so obtained, explains why so few rocks of greater age than 3000 My are found.

Seismic refraction measurements show that the earth's crust thins from about 35 km. under the continents to 6 km. under the oceans, also that the oceanic crust has a layered structure. The sediments that cover it are much thinner than expected, which suggests that the oceans are perhaps younger than was thought, or perhaps the sediments have become engulfed in lavas. Great fracture zones cross the floor of the north‐east Pacific and there is evidence for strike‐slip movements of more than 200 km. along them. The discovery that heat flow rates for continents and oceans are approximately equal upsets previous ideas about radioactive heat sources. A pattern has been observed in the heat flow associated with an oceanic rise. It has been suggested that both are related to convection in the mantle. Subcrustal drag by convection currents may explain the fracture zones.

The Ontong Java Plateau, with its thick, capping sequence of Cretaceous and Cenozoic pure pelagic carbonate sediments, forms an ideal setting for the study of the acoustic properties of this lithology on an oceanic rise. Borehole logs, recorded on Deep Sea Drilling Project leg 89 at site 586, provided detailed data on in situ acoustic properties of Pleistocene to early Miocene sediments to a depth of 623 m below seafloor. Comparison of these logging results and the sonobuoy‐based results of Johnson et al. (1978) with previous laboratory measurements from the Ontong Java Plateau shows that velocity/depth functions determined from the logging and sonobuoy methods are concordant but diverge significantly from functions derived from laboratory measurements. Log densities and compressional velocities exceed those measured by laboratory techniques; the density discrepancy is strongly influenced by laboratory method. The differences between log and laboratory compressional velocities are greater than and extend to greater depths than those between densities. These differences can be attributed to reductions in the frame bulk modulus and dynamic rigidity, caused by the removal of overburden pressure in the absence of significant porosity rebound. Agreement of site 586 log velocities with velocities derived from the earlier sonobuoy measurements across the plateau argues for the interpretation that both methods measure in situ values. The disagreement between the site 586 log results and the sonobuoy results with both the empirical velocity/depth function of Carlson et al. (1986) and the empirical velocity/porosity function of Raymer et al. (1980) supports the conclusion that pelagic carbonate sediments on oceanic plateaus and rises have unique acoustic properties, primarily arising from the presence of intraparticle porosity, and should not be grouped with other oceanic lithologies in acoustic modeling studies.

ABSTRACTIn his Oceans Rise, Empires Fall, Gerard Toal reformulates Critical Geopolitics in order to better address our planetary ecological crisis. A renewed attention to some of the classic texts of geopolitics, particularly those of Halford Mackinder, recuperates themes somewhat neglected in readings that focus upon the racist and imperialist framings of those works. This comment suggests that Marx rather than Mackinder might be the better point of departure for considering the themes of culture, geo‐ecology and geopolitical strategy that Toal excavates from Mackinder.

We live in perilous times, beneath a nuclear sword suspended by only the flimsiest of threads and facing the ravages of climate change that sharpen year by year. No previous generation has contemplated the threat of extinction, as does ours now on these two fronts. The nuclear Doomsday Clock was re-set at the beginning of 2019 at two minutes before midnight. Meanwhile, the oceans rise, acidify, and groan from the spread of plastics and other types of pollution, species are lost, glaciers melt, deserts spread, and the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere rise, evidently almost uncontrollably. States in East Asia do not measure up well in the face of such immense challenges. The institutional framework governing them remains as it was set around seventy years ago, in the wake of the cataclysmic Second World War and the subsequent San Francisco Treaty (1951), at a time when the US was the undisputed master of the world, the treaty system that it constructed its strategy for consolidating and preserving that dominance.[2] At this time, China was divided and excluded, Korea divided and at war, Japan divided (Okinawa having been severed from it) and occupied, and the apparatus of occupation, bases, and US hegemony was assumed to be crucial in maintaining regional and global “security.” Yet the world has moved on since then. In 2018, the San Francisco Treaty system was shaken by events unimaginable even a year earlier. Koreans from both the south and the north began to seize the initiative to negotiate their way towards a Korea that was at peace, de-nuclearized and subject to multilateral security guarantees. Meanwhile, across the East China Sea, Okinawans continued their seemingly interminable struggle against the Japanese state to prevent the further militarization of their islands. If the Cold War knots that were tied by the San Francisco settlement, especially tightly around the Korean peninsula and the Okinawan archipelago, can be untied and foreign troop occupations ended, the door to a comprehensive, post-San Francisco Treaty, post-Cold War, even post-US hegemony, regional order may be opened. Only if this happens are the nuclear and climate change challenges noted above likely to be met. This paper briefly considers such prospects, focusing firstly on Japan, then Okinawa, and finally, if only briefly, Korea.

Detailed studies of major uplifts in the central Rocky Mountains indicate that Cenozoic structures developed through predominantly vertical movements. This kinematic configuration in upper crustal levels is not necessarily incompatible with the concept of a laterally moving lithospheric plate, particularly if the plate overrides an oceanic rise or other undulation in the upper mantle. Lineaments are important tectonic elements in the movement plan. Some are well established, but others are only provisionally located or speculative. Much more work is needed to determine precisely the presence or absence of these large features and to define their characteristics. These lineaments could be entirely Cenozoic in age and represent crustal adjustments above transform faults, or could be reactivated zones of deformation along much older, even Precambrian lines of weakness. Evidence of intracontinental mobility through much of the Cenozoic suggests one possible sequence of events. In Early Cretaceous the west coast was east of the Pacific rise and bordered a subduction zone. By the Eocene, the plate had moved west over the subduction zone, the effects of which may have been Laramide deformation in the eastern Cordillera. Widespread erosion and gravel deposition beginning in the Oligocene may be related to a slowing or ceasing of drift 38 m.y. ago. A considerable change in patterns, rates, and relative motions of plates 20 to 10 m.y. ago and subsequent renewed westward drift coincides with the increased tectonic activity in western North America since the Pliocene. End_of_Article - Last_Page 629------------

Galapagos rise in the southeastern Pacific

The Atlantic Gets Ever Wider. Not just in a physical sense, as oceans rise and coastlines recede, but also in ideological terms. Europe and America appear to be pitted against each other as never before. On one shore, capitalist markets, untempered by proper social policies, allow unbridled competition, poverty, pollution, violence, class divides, and social anomie. On the other side, Europe nurtures a social approach, a regulated labor market, and elaborate welfare networks. Possibly it has a less dynamic economy, but it is a more solidaristic and harmonious society. “Our social model,” as the voice of British left liberalism, the Guardian, describes the European way, “feral capitalism,” in the United States. With the collapse of communism, the European approach has been promoted from being the Third Way to the Second Way. The UK fl oats ambiguously between these two shores: “Janus Britain” in the phrase of the dean of transatlanticist observers, Timothy Garton Ash. It is part of Europe, says the British Left ; an Anglo-Saxon coconspirator, answer its continental counterparts. That major differences separate the United States from Europe is scarcely a new idea. But it has become more menacingly Manichaean over the last decade. Foreign policy disagreements fuel it: Iraq, Iran, Israel, North Korea. So does the more general question of what role the one remaining superpower should play while it still remains unchallenged. Robert Kagan has famously suggested that, when it comes to foreign policy, Americans and Europeans call different planets home. Americans wield hard power and face the nasty choices that follow in its wake. Europeans, sheltered from most geopolitical strife, enjoy the luxury of approaching conflict in a more conciliatory way: Martian unilateralism confronts Venusian multilateralism. But the dispute goes beyond diplomatic and military strategy. It touches on the nature of these two societies. Does having the strongest battalions change the country that possesses them? After all, America is not just militarily strong. It is also—compared to Europe—harsh, dominated by the market, crime-ridden, violent, unsolidaristic, and sharp-elbowed. Competition is an official part of the national ideology and violence the way it spills over into everyday life. Or so goes the argument: a major battle of worldviews and social practices separates America from Europe.