Physicochemical evaluation, nutraceutical composition and HPLC‑UV fingerprint of Helicanthus elastica (Desr.) Danser (Indian Mango Mistletoe)

Introduction: In agro-industrial processing systems, elements such as stems, seeds and peels are generally discarded; despite the fact that components with high nutritional and functional value have been identified in them. Particularly, bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, among others, have been identified in mango peels. Objective: Therefore, the aim of the present work was development and evaluation (nutritional and sensory) of cookies enriched with mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel (Keitt variety). Methods: For formulation 3.6% of mango peels was used, previously dried (40°C/5 h) and milled. Proximal composition was determined, as well as caloric value. Sensory evaluation was carried out using 9-points hedonic scales (for odour, colour, taste, texture and overall acceptance), in a sample of 90 potential consumers. In order to perform a comparative study, commercial cookie Nut Bar (Kellogg'sâ) was used as a control sample. Results: Enriched cookies had a higher content of fiber (p<0.001) and ash (p=0.015); however, protein content was lower (p<0.001). The estimated caloric value was 339.740 ± 10.221 and 322.983 ± 8.631 kcal/100g (p=0.095) for control and enriched cookie, respectively. There were no differences in levels of liking for odour (p=0.442), colour (p=0.290), taste (p=0.112), texture (p=0.517) and overall acceptance (p=0.722) between both samples evaluated. Conclusions: These results reveal that mango peels can be used to increase nutritional value of cookies, without negatively impacting sensory aspects. These findings are expected to contribute to revalorization of mango peel as a functional food ingredient.

Abstract. Shaibu CO, Dinshiya J, Shaibu VE. 2022. Short Communication: Extraction and characterization of pectin from ripe and unripe mango (Mangifera indica) peel. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 20: 16-20. Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide present in the cell walls of different plants at different concentrations with widespread applications. This work aimed at extracting and characterizing pectin from ripe and unripe mango peel to investigate the effect of ripeness on the yield and quality of mango pectin. To obtain the optimum extraction condition, pectin was extracted at varying temperatures, time and pH using 0.1 N HCl as the extraction solvent. The maximum yield of pectin was found to be 22.67% for ripe mango peel and 21.90% for unripe mango peel. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 90ºC, 60mins and pH 1.5. The pectin extracted using the optimum extraction conditions was then characterized. The moisture content, ash content, methoxyl content, equivalent weight, anhydrouronic acid and degree of esterification of the ripe mango peel pectin were found to be 8.76±0.08%, 10.12±0.47%, 9.17±0.27%, 883.07±13.85 g, 72.45±0.59 and 72.52±0.09% , respectively. In contrast, those of unripe mango peel pectin were found to be 8.13±0.13%, 9.12±0.34%, 8.83±0.19%, 823.38±14.07 g, and 71.56±0.34%, 70.34±0.38%, respectively. This study showed that ripe mango peel might be more suitable for use as a pectin source. However, pectin extracted from ripe and unripe mango peel could be considered an alternative source of pectin in food processing, pharmaceutical industries, and various places of pectin application.

The content and composition of the main antioxidants in the pulp of mangoes depend also on cultivar and maturity degree, the latter being non-destructively evaluated by the absorption coefficient measured by Time-resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy (TRS) at 540 nm (µa540). Aiming at evaluating the levels of antioxidants [carotenoids (CAR), phenols (TPC), ascorbic acid (AA)] and antioxidant capacity (TAC) in relation to µa540 maturity class, selected ‘Haden’ and ‘Palmer’ mangoes were measured for µa540 by TRS, classified based on µa540 value as less (LeM), medium (MeM) and more (MoM) mature and analyzed for pulp firmness, pulp color (a*, h°, Yellowness Index), CAR (total and composition by HPLC-DAD), TPC, AA and TAC. ‘Palmer’ fruit had higher TPC, AA and TAC than ‘Haden’ mangoes. On average MoM fruit showed higher TPC, total CAR, total all‐trans‐violaxanthin esters and all‐trans‐β‐carotene than MeM and LeM fruit. LeM fruit did not have compounds belonging to the 9‐cis‐violaxanthin group, while cis‐β‐cryptoxanthin was approx. 19% of total carotenoids. In MoM mangoes the main carotenoid was all‐trans‐β-carotene (53%), followed by total all‐trans‐violaxanthin esters (30%), 9‐cis‐violaxanthin group (8%) and cis‐β‐cryptoxanthin (6%). The µa540 significantly correlated (r=0.78‐0.94) with total CAR, all‐trans‐β‐carotene, all‐trans‐violaxanthin no.3 (both cultivars), TPC, all‐trans‐violaxanthin no.1, no.2, no.6 (‘Haden’), and 9‐cis‐violaxanthin no.2, no.3 (‘Palmer’). Our results indicate that TRS is suitable to non-destructively measure the pulp color of mangoes and to sort fruit with different ripening degree and nutraceutical properties.

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a tropical fruit highly desired for its vitamin content and flavor, but its peel is considered a byproduct or waste. However, mango peel contains some bioactive compounds that improve food quality matrix for the development of edible coatings or films. The effect of phenolic mango (Mangifera indica) peel extracts on the physicochemical, rheological, and microstructural properties of xanthan gum-based coating solutions was evaluated. The obtained solutions were stable during the study period and presented a non-Newtonian fluid type shear-thinning behavior described by Ostwald–de Waele. Moreover, viscoelastic properties revealed that the elastic modulus was higher than the viscous modulus, showing a characteristic of weak gels. The addition of extracts did not alter the shear rate and viscoelastic character of the solutions, preserving the pseudoplasticity and weak gel behavior of xanthan gum associated with spreadability and adherence of coatings; it modified the gel structure as a function of temperature. Furthermore, the coating solutions of xanthan gum and phenolic mango peel extracts are an alternative to develop complex food systems such as edible coatings, edible films, or delivery systems.

Improving mango breeding efficiency through improvedpollen storage, fruit retention and understanding of theheritability of quantitative tree architectural traits.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of dry banana peels (Musa Acuminate) and dry mango peels (Mangifera indica L.) against lead toxicity in weaning rats. Forty five growing male albino rats with weighting (70 ± 5g), and were divided into two main groups. The first group was the negative control group (9) rats, the second group (36) rats were exposed to lead acetate (200 mg/ kg from weight rat) daily drinking orally and divided into four subgroups. The subgroup one positive control group fed on basal diet only, the subgroup two fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) banana peels, the subgroup three fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) mango peels, the subgroup four fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) combination of (banana and mango peels) for (6) weeks. Blood samples were collected and hemoglobin was determined, then iron, lead, liver enzymes and kidney function were estimated. Calcium, phosphorus and lead were also evaluated in the bones. The best result found in the group fed on basal diet fortified with (15%) combination banana and mango peels improved daily feed intake, body weight gain; feed efficiency ratio, hemoglobin and serum iron level. Moreover, lead concentration was decreased in serum and also it was improved the concentration of calcium, phosphorous as well as lead in bone of intoxicated rats. Dry peels of fruits were improved liver enzymes and kidney functions compared with positive group. The histopathology results were agreedwith the results of serum parameters. These results recommend increasing the consumption of banana and mango peels. Nutrition Education Programs are needed to illustrate the importance of banana and mango peels in reducing lead toxicity. تاثير قشور المانجو والموز علي السميه المحدثه بواسطه اسيتات الرصاص في الفئران الملخص العربى أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير قشور الموز الجاف وقشور المانجو الجاف ضد سمية الرصاص للجرذان في فتره النمو .خمسه واربعون جرذ من نوع ذکر الالبينو البيضاء فى فترة النمو بوزن (70 ± 5 جم) ، وتم تقسيمها إلى مجموعتين رئيسيتين, المجموعة الاولى الضابطه السالبه (9) جرذان. اما المجموعة الثانيه (36) جرذ تعرضت لخلات الرصاص من خلال تجريعهم (200 مجم / کجم من وزن الجرذ) يوميا, وتم تقسيمها إلى أربع مجموعات فرعية. تم تغذيه المجموعة الفرعية الأولى الموجبة الضابطة على النظام الغذائي الأساسي فقط، المجموعة الفرعية الثانية تغذت على النظام الغذائي الأساسي المدعم بنسبة (15٪) من قشور الموز، المجموعة الفرعية الثالثة تغذت على النظام الغذائي الأساسي المدعم بنسبه (15٪) قشور المانجو، المجموعة الفرعية الرابعة تغذت على النظام الغذائي الأساسي المدعم بنسبه (15٪) مزيج من (قشر الموز والمانجو) لمدة (6) أسابيع. تم تجميع عينات الدم وتقدير هيموجلوبين الدم ثم تقدير کلا من الحديد, الرصاص, انزيمات الکبد, ووظائف الکلى فى السيرم و تقدير کلا من مستوى الکالسيوم و الفسفور و الرصاص فى العظام. أظهرت النتائج ان الجرذان التى تناولت خليط قشور الموز و المانجو کانت تمثل أفضل النتائج فى معدل الزياده فى الوزن و الطعام المتناول و معدل کفاءة الطعام و تحسين فى مستوى الهيموجلوبين و الحديد و انزيمات الکبد ووظائف الکلى و حدوث انخفاض فى مستوى الرصاص فى السيرم مقارنه بالمجموعة الضابطة الموجبة و أکدت نتائج الفحص الهستوباثولوجى نفس النتائج السابقه. لذلک توصى الدراسه بعمل برامج للتوعيه الغذائيه لتوضيح أهميه قشور الموز و المانجو فى خفض خطر الاصابه أو التلوث بالتسمم بالرصاص. الکلمات المفتاحيه: التسمم بالرصاص , قشر الموز, قشر المانجو.

This research aimed at the production of ecological charcoal from banana, mango and orange peel waste. These wastes were collected among the household solid waste of the city of Kindia, 135 km from Conakry. The methodology approach consists of: sorting and identifying the types of waste, producing ecological coal through the following steps (waste drying, carbonization, grinding, sieving, mixing, adding binders, molding, compacting and drying coal briquettes). The manufactured coal briquettes were characterized for the determination of moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, carbon content and calorific value). The main results obtained are: (<i>i</i>) For the initial masses of waste, banana peels (5 kg), mango peels (2.532 kg), orange peels (1.68 kg); we obtained the masses of coal briquettes made from banana peels (0.328 kg), from mango peels (0.123 kg) and from orange peels (0.237 kg); (<i>ii</i>) the physicochemical characterization of the charcoal briquette samples gave a carbon content of charcoal briquettes made from mango peels (45.47%), charcoal briquettes made from orange peels (44.49%) and charcoal briquettes made from orange peels (29.95%); the humidity content of banana peel briquettes is 30.74%, briquettes made from mango peels (12.19%) and briquettes made from orange peels (12.33%); the ash content of charcoal briquettes made from banana peels (17.74%), from banana peels (9.67%) and orange peels (11.14%); the volatile matter rates of charcoal briquettes made from mango peels (90.33%), orange peels (88.86%) and banana peels (82.21%); the calorific value of charcoal briquettes made from banana peels (6580.8 kcal/kg), from mango peels (7226.4 kcal/kg) and from orange peels (7108.8 kcal/kg). Ecological charcoal briquettes are produced locally using less expensive materials and tools, which is an advantage for households in terms of energy, environment and economy.

Optimization of mango peel pectin extraction (Mangifera indica L.): For the production of jam and jelly

Preparation and characterization of dressing-type emulsions formulated with hydrocolloids from the mango (Mangifera indica) peel

Pectinase was produced from a culture of Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus . Pectinase synthesis was achieved using mango ( Mangifera indica ) pectin extract as an inducer during pectinolytic fungi isolation while submerged fermentation process was carried out using ground mango peels as the sole carbon source. Substrate fermentation was evaluated within seven days by monitoring the pectinase activity every 24 h. The highest pectinase secretion was obtained from A. niger and A. fumigatus after 92 h (day 4) of incubation, while in A. flavus, it was after 120 h (day 5). Crude enzyme extracts from the three organisms were partially purified by a combination of ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis with an approximately two-fold purification of the pectinase and a yield of 5.4, 7.66 and 5.99% for A. niger, A. fumigatus and A. flavus , respectively after dialysis. The specific activities of 1.62, 1.79 and 1.86 U/mg for A. niger, A. fumigatus and A. flavus enzymes were calculated, respectively. Pectinase from A. niger and A. fumigatus had pH and temperature optima of 5.0 and 40°C, respectively, while that from A. flavus had pH and temperature optima of 5.0 and 45°C. The Michealis constant, K m and the maximum velocity, V max determined from Lineweaver-Burk plots of initial velocity data at different concentrations of the mango pectin extract were 0.357 mg/ml and 35.34 U; 0.156 mg/ml and 68.0 U; and 0.261 mg/ml and 60.61 U; for the enzymes from A. niger , A. fumigatus and A. flavus, respectively. The results suggest that mango peels can be used for value added synthesis of pectinase, an important enzyme with numerous biotechnological applications. Keywords: Mango peels, mango pectin extract, pectinase, Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus , submerged fermentation, partial purification, characterization. African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(24) 2445-2425

Modeling and optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of total phenolics content from mango (Mangifera indica) peel using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the pH and extraction temperature on the pectin yield from mango (Mangifera indica) peel, cultivar Banilejo, and its physicochemical properties. Design/methodology/approach: Pectin extraction was done by acid hydrolysis, using hydrochloric acid and ethyl alcohol to precipitate and purify. A randomized design with a factorial arrangement was used, evaluating the effect of pH (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) and temperature (70, 80, and 90 ºC) on the yield and quality of pectin. Quality was determined by measuring pH, viscosity and moisture content, ash, methoxyls, and esterification degree. Their means were compared using Tukey's test at 95 % confidence. Results: The best results were obtained at pH 2.0 and 80 ºC, reporting an 18.159 % yield, 6.766 % moisture, 2.630 % ash, 0.085 Pa.s of viscosity, 26.307 % methoxyl, and 64.753 % esterification. Study limitations/implications: The different treatment combinations demonstrate that pH, ash, methoxyl content, and esterification degree vary as a function of the assessed pH and extraction temperatures; while viscosity, moisture and yield were not influenced by these variables. Findings/conclusions: It is concluded that mango peel is a viable source to obtain quality pectin.

5-Alkyl- and 5-alkenylresorcinols, as well as their hydroxylated derivatives, were extracted from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels, purified on polyamide and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/APcI-MS) for the first time. Among the 15 compounds analyzed, 3 major and 12 minor C(15)-, C(17)-, and C(19)-substituted resorcinols and related analogues, showing varying degrees of unsaturation, were characterized by their specific fragmentation patterns in collision-induced dissociation experiments. This marks the first report on the occurrence of mono-, di-, and triunsaturated C(15)-homologues, saturated and triunsaturated C(17)-homologues, and mono- and diunsaturated C(19)-homologues in mango peels. Additionally, several hydroxylated C(15)- and C(17)-homologues, also not yet described in mango, and a C(14)-monoene, unique because of its even-numbered side chain, were tentatively identified on the basis of their fragmentation patterns. The results obtained in the present study indicate that HPLC-DAD-APcI-MS(n), combined with the newly developed solid-phase extraction, is a powerful tool for the analysis of alk(en)ylresorcinols and could therefore be used for their determination in various matrices.

1. The larvae of mango twig-borer (Chlumetia transversa Walker) bore into the twigs both of young shoots and inflorescences of mango trees and cause them wilting or unfruitfulness. The damage percentage of this pest reaches 19.93-23.52% per year and equals to a loss of NT$ 2,925,522.3-5, 321,599.7 in this island. 2. An observation on the conditions of damage caused by the mango twig-borer was carried out in July, 1965 to June, 1966 at the mango orchard of Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Station. According to the results of this observation, there are two outbreaks of this insect pest in a year round. One is in March when the mango tree shoots its inflorescences, and the other is in November when the mango tree shoots its new branches. And the damage caused by the pests of first outbreak is more serious than that of the second one. There is no significant difference of injury among the five varieties, as Keitt, Irwin, Haden, Kent and Zill of mango. 3. The control work consisted of spraying at branching period and blooming period, and studied at the mango orchard of Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Station and at Zen-mei village, Niau-song country, Kaohsiung district, respectively. In total of eight kinds of chemicals; Lebaycid e.c. 0.05%, Sumithion e. c. 0.05%, Sevin w. p. 0.1% & 0.05%, EPN e. c. 0.05%, Diazinen e. c. 0.05%, Dimecron s. 0.05% and Elsan e. c. 0.01% were tested. From the result we cleared that treatment at blooming period was more efficient than that of the same at branching period. The better three among eight chemicals were Sumithion e. c. 0.05%, Lebaycid e. c. 0.05% and Sevin w.p. 0.1%, which occupied the 1st to 3rd degrees respectively. 4. The first outbreak of mango twig borer appeared in March and the second one in November. The former coincide with the blooming period and the latter which was less seriously infected than the former, just agreed with the branching period of mango tree. It is suggested that a better time for control should begin in early January for the first outbreak, and in early October for the second outbreak. Though the competent time for spraying is depend upon the conditions of branching and blooming, it would be better to spray more than four times in order to secure an effective control.

Les Tephritidae ont une importance economique majeure dans les regions tropicales. Au Benin, nous n'avions que tres peu d'informations disponibles sur les especes de mouches des fruits infeodees au manguier si ce n'est la manifestation de leurs degâts. Nous avons donc effectue des observations preliminaires dans le Nord du Benin durant la campagne de mangues en 2005 afin d'identifier les especes en cause, de suivre leurs fluctuations de populations et d'estimer les pertes qui leur sont imputables. Ces experimentations ont ete effectuees dans la region de Parakou (departement du Borgou). Les populations mâles de Tephritidae ont ete suivies toutes les semaines dans deux types de vergers de manguiers grâce a des pieges a parapheromones. Les fruits de 17 cultivars de manguiers ont ete echantillonnes d'avril a juin 2005; ils ont ete ensuite rapportes au laboratoire pour l'identification des especes de mouches responsables des infestations lors de l'emergence des adultes. Pour evaluer les pertes, un echantillonnage de fruits appartenant a differents cultivars a ete realise dans les memes vergers. Les fruits infestes ont ete comptabilises et elimines; les fruits potentiellement infestes ont ete disseques. Parmi huit especes de mouches des fruits issues des mangues au Benin, quatre peuvent etre considerees comme ayant une importance economique: Ceratitis cosyra, C. quinaria, C. silvestrii et B. invadens. Pendant la saison seche, C. cosyra a ete la plus abondante tandis que B. invadens etait largement dominante des le debut de la saison des pluies en correlation avec les stades de pre-maturite et maturite des fruits. Ainsi a partir de la mi-mai, B. invadens a ete de plus en plus abondante par rapport a C. cosyra dans les pieges de detection et parmi les adultes emergeant des mangues infestees. Les degâts fluctuent en moyenne de 10% en debut avril a 50% en juin, toutes especes de Tephritidae confondues. La plupart des especes de Tephritidae trouvees sur mangues au cours de nos experimentations avaient deja ete observees precedemment dans d'autres pays ouest-africains a l'exception de B. invadens, espece invasive nouvellement decrite. Des etudes ecologiques et de comportement seront necessaires afin de planifier et d'appliquer des methodes de lutte optimales vis-a-vis de ce nouveau ravageur d'importance economique majeure en Afrique de l'Ouest. (Resume d'auteur)