Physicochemical Characterization of an Imported Extruded Pigeon Feed as a First Step Towards Local Production in Türkiye

This investigation aims at comparing starches from two grains: Maize (Zea mays) and Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) grains. These grains are used mainly as foods and they contain high amount of carbohydrate. The presence of starch in these grains varies and thus their use as pharmaceutical excipients will vary to the degree of their starch functionality. The powders obtained were characterized for their particle size, particle size distribution. The organoleptic and physicochemical characterization such as viscosity, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, moisture sorption capacity, pH, flow rate and porosity, Carr's index and Hausner's ratio were evaluated. Maize starch showed the least Carr's index, Hausner ratio, porosity, moisture sorption capacity and the greatest flow rate. Sweet potato starch showed the highest hydration capacity and swelling capacity. The results obtained showed that between the two starches in relation to their flowability, maize starch possesses the best flow property. Compatibility of Etoricoxib with maize and sweet potato starch was evaluated by IR spectra and found that both Etoricoxib is compatible along with maize and sweet potato starch. This knowledge of starch properties will help to explain the behavior of these starches when used as tablet excipients.

Machine vision based particle size and size distribution determination of airborne dust particles of wood and bark pellets

The study aims to investigate the effects of different drying methods on the changes in functional properties, physicochemical composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, sensory attributes, and microstructural quality of the banana flours. Two local banana cultivars, Mehersagar and Sabri, were dried to produce flour using four distinct drying methods: freeze drying (FD), cabinet drying (CD), microwave oven drying (MOD), and forced air oven drying (FOD). The functional properties of the developed banana flours were observed where the findings were as water holding capacity (0.93 ± 0.06–2.74 ± 0.04 g water/g dry sample), oil absorption capacity (0.87 ± 0.06–2.22 ± 0.10 g oil/g dry sample), swelling capacity (4.62 ± 0.02–5.05 ± 0.03 g paste/g dry sample), bulk density (0.54 ± 0.04–0.81 ± 0.02 g/ml), tapped density (0.62 ± 0.04–0.93 ± 0.03 g/ml) and Carr's Index (9.38 ± 0.47–13.58 ± 0.43%). Freeze-dried Mehersagar cultivar's flour showed the leading functional properties with good flowability and cohesiveness. The physicochemical parameters of the flours also revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in lightness (L*) (50.51 ± 1.49–72.21 ± 1.05), moisture content (3.96 ± 0.09–7.74 ± 0.13%), protein (2.72 ± 0.07–3.93 ± 0.06%), crude fat (0.11 ± 0.01–0.36 ± 0.04%), crude fiber (0.64 ± 0.03–1.22 ± 0.03%), carbohydrate (84.15 ± 0.24–88.26 ± 0.15%) and energy content (354.25 ± 0.57–370.02 ± 0.39 kcal/g). Total flavonoid content (21.44 ± 0.04–34.34 ± 0.03 mgQE/100g) and phenolic content (29.91 ± 0.01–71.46 ± 0.03 mgGAE/100g) was observed, while the highest retention of bioactive compounds was exhibited in Mehersagar cultivar's flour. In terms of appearance, fineness, taste, flavor, color, and overall acceptability, the dried banana flour of both the cultivars obtained from freeze-dried scored overall acceptability 8.04 ± 0.02 and 7.92 ± 0.17, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of the microstructure of flour granules from each sample revealed a diverse morphological configuration in particle size and shape. According to the findings of this study, the freeze-drying technology is superior to others, and the Mehersagar banana cultivar is more satisfactory in terms of quality characteristics. Moreover, the quality parameters of banana flour may facilitate the formulation of different flour-based gluten-free baked products and food supplements.

Potential of taro starch spherical aggregates as wall material for spray drying microencapsulation: Functional, physical and thermal properties

Triboelectric charging is a potentially suitable tool for separating fine dry powders, but the charging process is not yet completely understood. Although physical descriptions of triboelectric charging have been proposed, these proposals generally assume the standard conditions of particles and surfaces without considering dispersity. To better understand the influence of particle charge on particle size distribution, we determined the in situ particle size in a protein–starch mixture injected into a separation chamber. The particle size distribution of the mixture was determined near the electrodes at different distances from the separation chamber inlet. The particle size decreased along both electrodes, indicating a higher protein than starch content near the electrodes. Moreover, the height distribution of the powder deposition and protein content along the electrodes were determined in further experiments, and the minimum charge of a particle that ensures its separation in a given region of the separation chamber was determined in a computational fluid dynamics simulation. According to the results, the charge on the particles is distributed and apparently independent of particle size.

Chapter 8 - Effect of Ammonium Perchlorate Particle Size on Flow, Ballistic, and Mechanical Properties of Composite Propellant

نوشیدنی لیموترش با فرمولاسیون های مختلف حاوی شکر (0، 6 و 12 درصد)، استویا (0، 02/0 و 04/0 درصد) و زانتان (0، 18/0 و 26/0 درصد) تهیه گردید. همچنین به‌منظور پوشاندن پس طعم تلخ استویا، ترکیب فراسودمند اینولین به میزان 5/0 درصد به فرمولاسیون اضافه شد. در این تحقیق، جهت معلق کردن ذرات جامد پالپ و رسیدن به پایداری مطلوب از روش ژل مایع استفاده شد. ساختار ژل مایع، با افزودن محلول داغ هیدروکلوئید زانتان حین هم زنی به محلول نیمه‌رقیق شده نوشیدنی لیموترش تهیه شد. رفتار جریانی و توزیع اندازه ی ذرات مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. تنش تسلیم پویای نمونه ها محاسبه گردید و پایداری ذرات پالپ در نوشیدنی لیموترش با استفاده از تعیین نیروهای وارده بر ذره پیش بینی شد .زانتان با تأثیر قابل توجه بر رفتار جریانی نوشیدنی لیموترش در نرخ های برش پایین ویسکوزیته ی ظاهری بالایی ایجاد نمود. در نمونه های حاوی زانتان، تنش تسلیم مشاهده شد و با روش برون یابی بر اساس مدل هرشل بالکلی مقدار آن اندازه گیری شد. محاسبات معلق سازی بر پایه ی تنش تسلیم انجام شد که با نتایج مشاهده شده ی پایداری همخوانی داشت. ویژگی های فیزیکوشیمیایی (pH، اسیدیته، خاکستر، بریکس و چگالی)، حسی (ظاهر و طعم) و میکروبی نوشیدنی رژیمی لیموترش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با توجه به ویژگی های رئولوژیکی، خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی و حسی نوشیدنی لیموترش، نمونه ی حاوی 6 درصد شکر، 02/0 درصد استویا و 18/0 زانتان به عنوان بهترین فرمولاسیون انتخاب گردید.

Size reduction in feed technology and methods for determining, expressing and predicting particle size: A review

Diet therapy is an important treatment component available for obese cats. In this study, the impact of four commercially available prescription diet regimens (1 for general use and 3 aimed at treating obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM)) on short-term postprandial serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations was investigated with five obese cats. The diet regimens used were as follows: C/D dry (general use: moderate protein, moderate fat, high carbohydrate and low fiber), M/D dry (DM: high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate and high fiber), W/D dry (DM: high protein, low fat, high carbohydrate and high fiber) and Diabetic dry (DM: high protein, low fat, low carbohydrate and high fiber). A significant reduction (10-13%) in postprandial glucose (area under the curve; AUC) was observed with the M/D and Diabetic diets, which both contained lower concentrations of carbohydrates than the C/D diet. An accompanying significant reduction (30-36%) in postprandial insulin AUC was also observed with the three DM diets, which all had higher amounts of fiber, as compared with the C/D diet. Lastly, a significant increase (32-65%) in postprandial NEFA AUC was observed with the M/D and Diabetic diets as compared with the C/D diet. Therefore, dietary amounts of carbohydrates and fiber, as opposed to protein content or dietary fat, appear to have a very significant impact on postprandial glycemia and subsequent insulin requirement levels in obese cats. In addition, dietary amounts of carbohydrates may also impact lipid metabolism in obese cats.

Particle size distribution of rice flour affecting the starch enzymatic hydrolysis and hydration properties

The maximum shear modulus ( G ₘₐₓ) is a crucial mechanical property of soils. However, the influence of particle shape on the G ₘₐₓ is not yet fully understood, particularly in granular systems comprising a mix of different particle shapes. This study comprehensively investigates the joint influence of particle shape distribution and particle size distribution on the G ₘₐₓ of granular soils through discrete element method (DEM) simulations. Two series of simulations were conducted: the first series examined the effect of particle shape and fines content ( FC ) under a fixed coarse-fine particle size ratio ( R d ), while the second series analyzed the influence of particle shape distribution and R d with a fixed FC of 20 %. The results of Series 1 indicate that, for granular system composed of particles with a certain shape, increasing particle irregularity increases G ₘₐₓ whereas increasing FC decreases G ₘₐₓ. The mechanical void ratio ( e ₘ) correlates strongly with G ₘₐₓ across different FC levels. However, particle-shape effects on the G max are not fully captured by e m , as the proportion of rattlers decreases with increasing particle irregularity. The results of Series 2 indicate that spherical small particles exert a stronger lubricating effect between large particles compared to irregular small particles. Overall, specimens with irregular large and irregular small particles, as well as specimens with irregular large and spherical small particles, exhibit higher G ₘₐₓ values than specimens with spherical large and spherical small particles, or specimens with spherical large and irregular small particles. However, this trend may exhibit variations depending on R d and particle shape. These variations can be attributed to the distinct contributions of contact types (i.e., coarse-coarse, coarse-fine, and fine-fine) in terms of both their number and the force transmission characteristics across various particle shape distribution configurations. Finally, we introduce a modified void ratio that accounts for both unstable and inactive particles, thereby quantitatively normalizing the effects of particle size and shape distributions on the G ₘₐₓ. • Synergistic effects of particle shape and size distributions on G max were investigated. • Microscopic mechanism of the joint influence on G max was clarified through DEM. • Distinct roles of particles with varying shapes, classified as large or small, were elucidated. • A modified void ratio was proposed, offering superior predictive performance for G max .

In this study, a novel designed particle sizing system, called two-column particle sizer (TC-PS), was developed to measure simultaneously the total particle number concentration and particle size distribution. The TC-PS consists of a compact condensation particle counter with two sampling inlets (TC-CPC) and a miniaturized differential mobility analyzer (mini-DMA). The entire TC-PS system, with other main parts for operation, such as pumps, pressure sensors, board, neutralizer, frame, and other small components, weighed only 1.7 kg and was designed to accommodate mobile measurements for atmospheric research. Systematic experiments were performed to evaluate the counting efficiency of the TC-CPC for calibrating the instrument and correcting the coincidence errors. Particle size distributions obtained by the TC-PS were compared to the reference TSI-scanning mobility particle sizer (TSI-SMPS), and the results from the proposed and reference system for different particle concentrations and materials agreed well. Finally, 24-h data of particle number concentration and size distribution were obtained by the TC-PS in the laboratory in regular working environments. The TC-CPC measurements showed a good response to a fast changing concentration, and the obtained particle size distribution represented the events well, especially in the case of particle formation and high concentration due to the soldering activities in the laboratory.

Precipitation of Ibuprofen Sodium using compressed carbon dioxide as antisolvent

The particle size distribution of the solids forming a slurry has a predominant role because of its direct effect on the slurry's rheology. The process of comminution, which is the most important factor affecting the cost of the slurry preparation, is directly affected by the particle size distribution. Control of particle size and size distribution is generally considered to be the means for reducing slurry viscosity in the field of coal-slurry research. It is believed that by controlling particle size distribution and particle loading coupled with the use of additive chemicals, a coal-water slurry can be economically produced that is compatible with the physical characteristics needed for storage, handling, and burner nozzle atomization. In this study the effect of particle size distribution on the rheology of lignite-water slurries was investigated, and the optimum particle size distribution was obtained for the lignite particle size less than 125 µm. The relation between the apparent viscosity of the slurry at the shear rate of 100 s−1 and the particle size distribution was demonstrated. Sedimentation behavior of the slurries prepared was also investigated.

Improvement of flow and bulk density of pharmaceutical powders using surface modification