Physico-chemical study of the effects of electrolytes and hydrotropes on the clouding development of TX-100 and ceftriaxone sodium drug mixture

Abstract

The potential interactions between third-generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic ceftriaxone sodium (CTS) and nonionic surfactant triton X-100 (TX-100) in the absence and existence of various sodium based electrolytes (sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (NaAc), sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)) /hydrotropic salts (sodium benzoate (NaBenz) and sodium salicylate (NaSal)) were investigated. The CTS drug is widely used to treat bacterial infections and it showed remarkable reactivity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The assessments of CP in the TX-100 + CTS system with NaSal demonstrated the hydrophilic interaction which was not found significant when NaBenz solutions were used. The CP values observed for TX-100 + CTS system in aq. electrolytes and hydrotropic salts media demonstrated the order: CPaq.NaSal>CPaq.NaBenz>CPaq.NaCl>CPaq.NaAc>CPaq.Na2SO4. Different thermodynamic variables such as Gibbs free energy (ΔGco), enthalpy (ΔHco), and entropy (ΔSco) changes of clouding were computed to evaluate the nature of interactions between CTS and TX-100 in various electrolytes and hydrotropes medium. The ΔGco was found to be positive in every case indicating the non-spontaneity of the phase separation process. The enthalpy–entropy compensation was analyzed in the respective mixtures and the plot of ΔHc0 vs ΔSc0 showed a linear relationship between them. The findings of this study may be highly useful in different pharmaceutical formulations. These interesting results can also be utilized as significant tools to understand the behaviors of drugs-surfactants interactions in various systems used in different pharmaceutical industries as well as in medical science.