Physical and antioxidant properties of gluten-free bread enriched with carob fibre

Celiac disease is a gluten-sensitive entheropathy. Later studies suggest an increasing prevalence of that disease, likely due to the development of more sensitive methods of screening. Cereals containing prolamins such as wheat, rye, barley, and oat are toxic for celiac patients, whereas corn, rice, sorghum and buckwheat are considered to be safe. The reaction to gluten ingestion by patients suffering from that chronic disease is inflammation of the small intestine leading to the malabsorption of several important nutrients, vitamins and minerals, especially of calcium and iron. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are a frequent complication accompanying coeliac disease. The only effective treatment for coeliac disease is a long-life strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. Up to now, research studies related to gluten free bakery products have been focused on the design of gluten free matrixes by combining different starches and gluten free cereals. However, no special attention has been paid to the use of those products as carriers or vehicles of micronutrients, which are necessary for celiac patients. The aim of the research was to design of gluten free formula fortified with calcium destined to bake a bread. In that order the available organic or mineral calcium supplements were analysed. Optimisation of the technological parameters, analysis of chemical and minerals composition, sensory quality and texture of bread crumb were analysed. Preliminary estimation of bread colour, odour and taste allowed to select calcium caseinate and calcium citrate as supplements affecting beneficially the sensory quality of bread. When the mixture of both of them was applied, the improvement of bread porosity and structure was also observed. Based on the sensory evaluation of bread carried out with the method of sensory profiling and in hedonic tests gluten free bread fortified with a mixture of calcium caseinate and citrate was selected as the best. Texture properties of fresh gluten free bread crumbs fortified with calcium supplements measured using compression device of Instron were considerably improved. Summarising, the application of calcium supplements such as calcium caseinate and citrate in order to fortified gluten free bread with calcium influence beneficially its sensory and nutritional properties simultaneously enhancing the structure and texture of bread.

This study aimed to examine the effect of different hydrocolloid types and combinations on the properties of gluten-free bread made using household type bread machine. In this content, four different hydrocolloids, xanthan gum (XG), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and methylcellulose (MC), were used at concentrations of 3% and 5% to evaluate the moisture, baking loss, specific volume, color, texture, and sensory properties of gluten-free bread. Additionally, the quality attributes of gluten-free bread made with hydrocolloids were compared with the control bread without hydrocolloids and a commercial gluten-free mixture. As a result of the evaluations, it was determined that the control bread had the highest baking loss, and the gluten-free bread containing 5% MC had the lowest specific volume. An increase in the concentration of hydrocolloids led to an increase in specific volume, except for breads containing XG, CMC, and XG+CMC. Regarding hardness values, the control bread had the highest hardness, while gluten-free bread containing 5% HPMC+MC showed the lowest hardness. According to sensory evaluation results, gluten-free breads made with all hydrocolloids at 5% concentration provided the best results in terms of overall acceptability. Considering the results obtained, it was thought that the combination usage of different hydrocolloids was effective in improving the qualities and consumability of gluten-free bread.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of using various by-products (orange and apple pomace, tomato peel, pepper peel, prickly pear peel, and prickly pear seed peel) on the dough rheology and properties of gluten-free bread. The by-products were incorporated into a gluten-free bread formulation based on corn and chickpea flours (2/1 w/w). Different levels of each by-product (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% in the basic replacement) were tested. Wheat bread and gluten-free bread without the addition of by-products were used as controls. The results indicated that the by-products increased the maximum dough height, the total CO2 production, and CO2 retention coefficient compared to unenriched gluten-free dough. The highest K-value consistency coefficient was observed for the dough enriched with the prickly pear peel. The addition of by-products significantly improved (p < 0.0001) the specific volume of gluten-free bread, with values increasing from 1.48 to 2.50 cm3/g. The hierarchical cluster analysis and the constellation plot showed four groups: the wheat bread group, the second group containing the gluten-free control bread, the group with bread enriched by pomace, and the group with bread enriched with peels, exhibit the same effect on gluten-free bread and the peels exhibit the same effect on gluten-free bread.

The addition of fat to gluten-free (GF) bread can influence several quality attributes, such as texture and starch retrogradation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different fats on GF bread properties using two different baking methods (conventional and ohmic heating), in order to understand how these affect the physical bread quality, the formation of amylose-lipid complexes and its effect on crumb firming behavior. Fats (coconut, rapeseed, butter, and palm) with different physico-chemical properties, and physical state (solid, liquid) were tested in standard GF bread formulations. Results showed that fat significantly improved crumb pore uniformity. Crumb texture and pasting properties were mostly influenced by the type of fat, storage time and baking method. Staling was delayed in all breads added with fat due to the formation of amylose-lipid complexes, which were highest with palm fat and were usually higher when baked by ohmic heating.

The influence of β-glucans on the properties of gluten-free dough and bread is still not fully explained, with the literature suggesting both positive and negative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the molar mass of oat β-glucans on the properties of gluten-free bread. Gluten-free breads were baked under standardized conditions from a model gluten-free mix without and with a 1% or 2% share of oat β-glucans of a low molar mass of 24,540 g/mol, a medium molar mass of 85,940 g/mol and a high molar mass of 1,714,770 g/mol. The share of β-glucans affected the increase in water addition to the baking mix and dough yield proportionally to the molar mass and amount of β-glucans. The β-glucans of the highest molar mass, particularly at a 2% share, were most effective in increasing bread volume, reducing hardness and increasing the moisture content of the bread crumb on the day of baking, as well as reducing the increase in hardness and maintaining a high moisture content of the bread crumb after 1 day of storage, compared to bread without added β-glucans.

In recent times computer vision employing image processing techniques has been developed rapidly in order to quantitatively characterize of foods. In this study, effect of cress seed gum as a novel gluten substitute and xanthan gum (1 % base on flour and starch weight) on gluten-free bread were investigated by image processing. Additionally, bread crumb analyzed during storage (24 and 72 h). Bread features selected for analysis were moisture content, specific volume, slice shape, crust and crumb color, pore area fraction, pore size distribution, number of cells/cm2, pore shape, fractal dimension of pore boundaries and crumb texture. The results exhibited, hydrocolloids improved quality of gluten-free breads significantly (p < 0.05). Hydrocolloid addition increased pore area fraction and had positive effect on crumb color during storage. Hydrocolloid by forming thick layer influenced the stability of gas cells and caused more regular and solids pores in gluten-free bread which was more noticeable in breads containing cress seed gum. Fractal values of boundaries indicated that the breads containing cress seed gum had more regular and smooth boundaries. Texture analysis by gray level co-occurrence matrix revealed stability crumb texture during storage.

Information on what drives consumers to like or dislike bread is needed to provide insight on developing gluten-free (GF) bread, using indigenous and sustainable crops in Africa, such as sorghum and millet. Consumer attitudes toward the health and taste aspects of food are major drivers of food choices. The objectives of this work were (1) to determine the health and taste attitudes (HTAs) and general perceptions of a group of millennial consumers in South Africa (n = 354), concerning GF breads; and (2) to determine whether HTAs affect the acceptability of sensory properties of commercial GF breads, as assessed by consumers (n = 173), under informed and uninformed conditions. Mean scores of the taste factors were higher compared to health factors, indicating a greater taste orientation. The sensory properties of standard wheat breads were preferred over two commercial GF breads, irrespective of the health/taste interests of consumers, or if they were informed/uninformed about the nature of the bread (GF or wheat). Knowledge that bread samples were GF reduced only the acceptability of the aroma of GF bread. GF bread was perceived as healthier, but less tasty. For this group of millennials, the sensory properties of bread was the main driver of choice.

The diet based on gluten free products is characterised by a low content of some nutritional components such as proteins and mineral components, as well as non-nutritional but physiologically important components like dietary fibre. Buckwheat grains are a rich source of proteins, which have a high biological value due to the well-balanced amino-acids composition, although its digestibility is relatively low. The aim of the present research was to investigate the influence of buckwheat flour addition on gluten free bread quality and their antioxidant capacity. In this study, own gluten free bread formula, composed of corn starch, potato starch, salt, yeast, pectin, sugar and sunflower oil was investigated. The buckwheat flour substituted corn starch at final amount of 10, 20, 30, 40% w/w of total ingredients in gluten free bread formula. The breads were baked in electric oven at 200°C for 25 min. The bread samples were freeze-dried, ground and sieved. The sensory quality of buckwheat enhanced gluten free breads was analysed using sensory profiling (QDA) and hedonic tests. The measurement of macroelements content in the crumb was carried out using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method (SORAL-SMIETANA et al. 2001). The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the breads was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method and free radical scavenging activities of 67% methanol extracts against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH.) as DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity (DPPH RSA). All breads were analysed for their total phenolics content. The buckwheat enhancing gluten free breads were in accordance to the requirements of Polish Standards (PN-A-74123) for gluten-free bread. The sensory profiles of gluten-free breads were dependant on the amount of buckwheat flour added. The overall quality of breads was the highest for bread with 40% buckwheat flour addition. The positive correlation between macroelements content and increasing amount of buckwheat flour was observed in breads. The antioxidant capacity of buckwheat enhanced gluten free breads determined by CV and DPPH RSA was related to the amount of added buckwheat flour. The total phenolics content was positively correlated with antioxidant capacity of the breads. In summary, buckwheat flour as a natural source of minerals and antioxidant activity, and also as a structure-forming factor improving the sensory quality, can be used for preparation of new buckwheat enhanced gluten free breads.

Effect of heat treatment of sorghum flour on the functional properties of gluten-free bread and cake

Psyllium as an improver in gluten-free breads: Effect on volume, crumb texture, moisture binding and staling kinetics

Mathematical approach of structural and textural properties of gluten free bread enriched with carob flour

Rheological, textural and sensory properties of gluten-free bread formulations based on rice and buckwheat flour

The buckwheat flour was studied as a potential healthy ingredient for improving the nutritional and technological quality of gluten-free bread. The effect of exchange of gluten-free formulation mass by buckwheat flour in 10, 20, 30 and 40 % was investigated. The increase in loaf specific volume with rising buckwheat flour addition was observed. Compared with the control sample, decrease in whiteness and increase in redness and yellowness of crumb were noticed. The rising amount of buckwheat flour in gluten-free bread formulation caused a decrease in crumb hardness during storage. This was in agreement with the decrease in starch gelatinisation enthalpy with the increasing amount of buckwheat flour in gluten-free formula in comparison with the control sample. Buckwheat flour could be incorporated into gluten-free formula and have a positive influence on bread texture and delaying its staling.

Bread is a cereal-based product, commonly from wheat flour and trough the process of mixing, fermentation, and baking steps until the changes in flavor, shape, and chemical composition occur. Wheat flour content gliadin and glutenin that form gluten which can cause an intestine inflammation in patients of celiac diseases. They should avoid to consume gluten so need gluten-free product such as gluten free bread. The Gluten-free bread made from rice flour, corn starch, and cassava starch with proportion of 74.2% cornstarch, 17.2% rice flour, and 8.6% cassava starch. In general gluten-free white bread has poor capability to retain gas from fermentation, so will has firm crumb, poor loaf and easy to be stahling. This condition can be improved by addition of hydrocolloid such as xanthan gum. Randomized Block Design (RBD) used in research. The treatment was concentration of xanthan gum 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. and repeated five times. Observation was done on water content, hardness, compressibility, specific volume, and preference tests for crumb pore, texture (mouthfeel), and moistness. The data were analyzed with Anova α = 5% and than continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at α = 5% when the treatment gave significant influence. The best treatment is determined according to the Effectiveness Index. The result showed that the use of xanthan gum has no effect on the water content of bread, but influence the hardness, compressibility, specific volume, and sensory evaluation of gluten-free white bread made from cornstarch, rice flour, and cassava starch. The higher the concentration of xanthan gum results in higher value of hardness, compressibility, and specific volume of gluten-free bread. The treatment of 2% xanthan gum showed to give the best gluten free bread with 23.89% of water content, 23.8 N of hardness, 98.02% of compressibility, 2.1675 cm3/g of volume specific, and give the best score in preference test.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder addition on physical, sensorial, and antioxidant properties of gluten-free bread. Moringa leaf powder (MLP) was incorporated at different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10% in basic replacement) in gluten-free bread. The results revealed that addition more than 2.5% decreased the specific volume of bread. The hardness and chewiness of bread slightly decreased with 2.5 and 10% MLP addition, whereas springiness was not affected by MLP. For sensory evaluation, the most acceptable gluten-free bread was obtained for control bread and bread with 2.5% MLP. The lightness of crumb and crust decreased with increasing of MLP from 63.37 to 27.59 and from 52.40 to 33.49, respectively. The total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of extracts increased with the addition of MLP. The addition of MLP already for 2.5% resulted in large increase in the content of TPC (from 0.88 to 2.12 GAE/g dw). The high activity for DPPH scavenging was found for 7.5% and for 10% of MLP addition. For ABTS scavenging capacity, the high activity was for 5.0, 7.5, and 10%. Regarding RED and OH scavenging capacity, gluten-free breads with MLP from 2.5 to 10% presented significantly higher activity (RED from 32.92 to 21.56 and OH scavenging from 54.38 to 47.31 EC50 mg dw comparing to control bread (40.02; 90.81 EC50 mg dw/ml, respectively). Taking into account both the sensory evaluation and antioxidant activity, the addition of MFP should not exceed 5%.