Abstract
Understanding genetic relationship among varieties is necessary in crop improvement. The objective of the study was to determine phylogeny of nine black pepper varieties, based on morphology and molecular markers. The results showed that a dendrogram generated from morphological characters, at similairty about 50 %, the pepper varieties were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of Petaling 1, Petaling 2, Natar 1, and Natar 2 and group II consisted of Malonan, Ciinten, Chunuk, Bengkayang, and LDK. Polymorphism produced by DNA markers (RAPD and SSR) formed three groups that were distinguishable for Natar1, Natar2, Petaling 1 and Petaling2 in the first group relevant to morphological clustering. Chunuk, LDK and Malonan in the second group, and the rest belonging to the third cluster. Notably, Chunuk and LDK were far distant from other Sumatera origin. In contrast Chunuk was preferentially close to a variety from other geographical origin, Malonan. The farthest distance was shown between LDK and Petaling 2 originating from Sumatera which shared similarity of 43 %, indicating their different genetic background. These morphological and molecular markers complement each other to reveal the relationship of nine superior varieties of black peppers which could be beneficial for furher use in breeding scheme.
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