PH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for sustainable recycling extraction of high oily waste

Abstract

The accumulation of oily waste increases annually with the growth in crude oil demand. Its toxicity and high heating value present both opportunities and challenges for treatment technologies. In recent years, the emergence of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) has promoted advancements in low-toxicity extraction processes. Leveraging the advantages of HDES and addressing the challenges posed by real oily sawdust (with a 67.9 % oil content), this study presents a novel green HDES solvent composed of ethyl maltol and fatty acids, accompanied by a corresponding extraction process. At a low temperature of 60 °C, the process achieved impressive results: an oil extraction efficiency close to 86.3 %, a dehydration rate exceeding 92.2 %, and a heavy metal removal rate ranging from 15 % to 75 %. In the exploration of solvents recycling, pH-switching facilitated the deprotonation and protonation of phenol-fatty acid HDES, promoting effective recovery of the oil phase. Even after 5 cycles, the oil extraction rate could still be maintained above 75 %. It is worth noting that the regenerated HDES exhibited greater selectivity for extracting light oil after multiple uses. The total ratio of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons reached approximately 81.7 %, significantly enhancing the value of the recovered oil. Integrating systematic characterization with the extraction performance, as well as the variation in recovered oil phase components, highlighted the multifaceted effects of introducing ethyl maltol. Specifically, this effect is demonstrated in its ability to enhance the oil phase’s solubility by regulating the intermolecular spacing of HDES, and to impede the dissolution of heavy oil into its gaps by optimizing the local zone through the formation of complexes with HDES and heavy metals.