Abstract
We evaluated the compatibility between two nitrogen–fixing Bradyrhizobium inoculant strains and phosphate–solubilizing fungal strains and the effect of co–inoculation of these bacterial and fungal strains on cowpea growth under different N and P conditions. First, the compatibility between Bradyrhizobium strains UFLA03–84 and INPA03–11B and fungi Haematonectria ipomoeae FSA381, Eleutherascus lectardii FSA257a, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata FSA109, and Acremonium polychromum FSA115 was tested in both solid and liquid media. Cowpea growth and nodulation promotion under two mineral N doses and two P conditions (a low dose of soluble P plus a high dose of Ca3(PO4)2 and another condition with a high dose of soluble P) were tested with two N2 fixing Bradyrhizobium strains co–inoculated with each of the P–solubilizing fungal strains FSA109, FSA115, and FSA381. There was compatibility between each fungal strain and the two Bradyrhizobium strains, except for FSA257a with either of the bacterial strains in liquid medium. When both mineral N and P were limiting, plants were able to grow and accumulate N and P based on biological N2 fixation and solubilization of calcium phosphate in the same amount as the mineral N and soluble phosphate. Even when both nutrients were fully available, the type of co–inoculation promoted plant growth and nutrient accumulation. The responses varied in accordance with the co–inoculated strains, the N source, and the P source, reflecting the enormous complexity of the biological interactions between plants and microorganisms, and the nutrient conditions provided by the environment.
Highlights
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two elements indispensable to plant development
We evaluated the compatibility between two nitrogen–fixing Bradyrhizobium inoculant strains and phosphate–solubilizing fungal strains and the effect of co–inoculation of these bacterial and fungal strains on cowpea growth under different N and P conditions
Co–inoculation of plants with INPA 03–11B + FSA 115 and all three fungal co–inoculations with UFLA 03–84 promoted plant growth when the plants were fertilized with low N (LN) and insoluble P doses (HPins)
Summary
The main natural means of providing N is through the biological fixation process. Amongst these microorganisms are those belonging to the Bradyrhizobium genus (Jordan, 1982), which is considered one of the most abundant in soil samples collected throughout the world (Shah and Subramanian, 2018). As for P, most of the soil P pool is unavailable to plants (Bünemann, 2015). A large amount of the P applied to the soil as fertilizer rapidly becomes unavailable for plant uptake, creating a situation where crop yield may be compromised (Roberts and Johnston, 2015; Zhu et al, 2018). Few studies have tested the compatibility of different functional microorganisms, especially phosphate–solubilizing fungi and symbiotic nitrogen–fixing bacterial strains to perform together both processes in order to enhance plant growth and nutrition (Abd–Alla and Omar, 2001; Zaidi and Khan, 2006)
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