Abstract
BackgroundMobile phones are increasingly associated with accidents while walking. Little is known, however, about the impact of phone messaging on the actual perception of other pedestrians. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which the detection of approaching pedestrians is affected by the sensory modality (text or audio) of phone messages in young vs. older adults.MethodsEighteen healthy young (24 ± 2.9 years) and 15 older adults (68 ± 4.2 years) performed a phone message deciphering task, an obstacle detection task, and a dual-task condition combining both tasks. Participants were tested while seated and viewing a virtual subway station (VE) in a helmet mounted display. As they were passively moved within the VE one of three virtual pedestrians randomly approached them from the center (0°), right (+40°) or left (+40°). When present, phone message conditions were delivered at obstacle movement onset and presented either as (1) text messages on the screen of a virtual phone or (2) audio messages delivered through earphones. Participants were instructed to press a joystick button as soon as they detected the approaching virtual pedestrian and to report the message content at the end of the trials.ResultsYoung and older participants showed delayed obstacle detection times with vs. without text messages. Older adults further showed reduced accuracy of message report for texts compared to audio messages. In both groups, audio messages yielded no difference in obstacle detection time or accuracy of message report compared to the no message condition.ConclusionsFindings indicate that text messages prolong the detection of approaching pedestrians, suggesting that they compromise safe ambulation in community environments. Older adults, who show larger deteriorations on the obstacle detection and message deciphering tasks, may be at even greater risk of collision. Audio messages could be a safer alternative for on-the-go communication.
Highlights
The successful avoidance of collisions with surrounding pedestrians is an essential requirement for community ambulation [1]
Phone message conditions were delivered at obstacle movement onset and presented either as (1) text messages on the screen of a virtual phone or (2) audio messages delivered through earphones
Audio messages could be a safer alternative for onthe-go communication
Summary
The successful avoidance of collisions with surrounding pedestrians is an essential requirement for community ambulation [1]. Pedestrian safety, once mostly associated to street crossing in the presence of vehicles, is increasingly jeopardized by pedestrian’s habits of dual-task while walking and which lead to compromised ability to avoid collisions with obstacles, including approaching pedestrians [7]. Elderly individuals show higher cost in text-typing accuracy (increased number of mistakes), while prioritization of texting leads to an increased cost in gait speed (slower gait speed) compared to young individuals [4] In such a context, it is not clearly understood if the TeWW dual-task costs arise from demands in the allocation of cognitive, motor and/ or visual-perceptual resources, all of which are affected by aging [19, 20]. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which the detection of approaching pedestrians is affected by the sensory modality (text or audio) of phone messages in young vs. older adults.
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