Philosophical Encyclopedia in a Mystical Fatwā

Examining the Late Medieval Village from the Case at Ambroyi, Armenia

172 Reviews ingredient of self-preservation, which the whole political nation sought in 1640. Glyn Party Department of History Victoria Univeristy of Wellington Gabriel, Astrick L., The Paris studium: Robert of Sorbonne and his legacy: interuniversity exchange between the German, Cracow and Louvain universities and that of Paris in the late medieval and humanistic period. Selected studies (Texts and studies in the history of medieval education, No. XIX), Notre D a m e and Frankfurt am Main, United States subcomission for the history of universities and verlag Joseph Knecht, 1992; cloth; pp. 541; 33 plates; R.R.P. US$79.00. This handsomely produced volume is conceived as a homage to the author himself, reprinting, with updated information and bibliography, articles mainly published in the seventies and eighties. Thefirstone, however, on Robert de Sorbonne, saw the light of day in 1953. All the articles have been updated in one way or the other, in all cases bibliographical additions being included. Sometimes there is additional text. Recent discoveries by other scholars m a y have been inserted, new information added or illustrations replaced or even, in one case, reproduced for thefirsttime. Since the articles are all of a high quality, relate to the same basic area of study, the early life and influence of the university of Paris, and have been hitherto scattered through several journals, it was an excellent idea to gather them together in the one volume. The volume has all the trappings of a hommage volume. It is printed on afinequality glossy paper, is well bound and provided with an attractive dust cover, and offers intotalthirty-three plates, all black and white except for No. X X X which reproduces in colour the introductory page of the records of the Rectoratus of Henricus Stromer. The reader is well served by a full bibliography of works cited in the course of the nine articles or 'chapters' as weU as a section listing manuscripts and archival material, incunabula, and printed rare books mentioned in the articles. Access to information in the pages of the book is facilitated by a separate name and subject index. James J. John traces in his preface the cursus honorum of Gabriel, following his peripatetic path from Hungary to Paris to Canada to,finally,the university of Notre D a m e in Indiana, where Gabriel has completed the best part of bis Reviews 173 influential and extensive work on medieval education. Following the preface, the reader finds a Tabula gratulatoria and a List ofpublications of Astrik L Gabriel, in chronological order from 1934 to 1992. It is worth noting that a previous collection of Gabriel's articles appeared in 1969 under thetideGarlandia: studies in the history of the mediaeval university. In every way this earliertitlemay be considered a companion volume to the present one: same publication house, similar types of articles. The titles of the 'chapters' are, in each case, closely descriptive of the content: T. The spiritual portrait of Robert of Sorbonne'; 'U. "Via antiqua" and "via moderna" and the migration of Paris students and masters to the German universities in the fifteenth century'; TIL The house of poor German students at the medieval univeristy of Paris'; 'IV. Intellectual contacts between the university of Louvain and Paris during the fifteenth century'; 'V. Scholarly bonds of the university of Cracow with Paris schools in the late medieval period'; 'VI. German receptors, "reformators", and proctors at the university of Paris, (1495-1525)'; 'VII. Georgius Wolff (t 1499). Printer. Officer of the English-German nation at the university of Paris. His social, professional and academic connections'; 'VIII. The academic career of Gervasius Wain from Memmingen (ca. 1490-1554), rector of the university of Paris, envoy of Francois Ier to the German princes'; and 'IX. Franciscus Ossmanus from Alkmaar, proctor, receptor, (treasurer) and 'reformator' of the natio Alemanniae at Paris studium (15151524 )'. In the Table of Contents at the beginning of the book there is a more detaUed breakdown into subsections, so that the reader may more easUy locate at a glance the sort of information sought. Gabriel's style seems sometimes a litde too rhetorical, even fustian, especially in the article of Robert of Sorbonne. Sentences such...

This article examines the complex aspects of succession law, which deals with the transmission of rights and obligations of individuals who have deceased concerning their inheritance, based on the legal sources adopted by society. Although the Yoruba succession practices rely on three different legal sources (common law, customary law, and Islamic law), Dar ul-Qadha (arbitration panel) disregards the latter legal source. The study aims to analyse the application of Islamic inheritance law in three cases of private legal disputes resolved by Dar ul-Qadha from 2008 to 2013. Adopting a qualitative and interpretative research method, the research findings reveal that guidelines for property distribution in Islamic law are overlooked by Dar ul-Qadha. Mothers are excluded from inheritance, while uncles, cousins, half-brothers, and step-sisters can inherit alongside full brothers. Moreover, personal property is not considered in the distribution. Neglect of Islamic inheritance law is attributed to the dominance of Yoruba social and cultural life, influenced by colonialism, Christianity, and societal ignorance. Therefore, this article argues that the distribution of inheritance through a valid Islamic system will accommodate the extended cultural family of the Yoruba. Recommendations emphasise the importance of adhering to legal requirements under land law. [Artikel ini meneliti aspek kompleks hukum suksesi, yang menangani transmisi hak dan kewajiban individu yang telah meninggal terkait dengan harta waris mereka, berdasarkan sumber hukum yang diadopsi oleh masyarakat. Meskipun praktik suksesi masyarakat Yoruba bergantung pada tiga sumber hukum yang berbeda (common law, hukum adat dan hukum Islam), Dar ul-Qadha (Dewan Arbitrase), Logos, mengabaikan sumber hukum yang terakhir. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan hukum waris Islam dalam tiga perselisihan hukum pribadi yang diselesaikan oleh Dar ul-Qadha dari tahun 2008 hingga 2013. Dengan mengadopsi metode penelitian kualitatif dan interpretatif, temuan penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa panduan distribusi properti dalam hukum Islam diabaikan oleh Dar ul-Qadha. Ibu dikecualikan dari warisan, sementara paman, sepupu, saudara laki-laki dan perempuan tiri dapat mewarisi bersama saudara laki-laki kandung. Selain itu, harta pribadi tidak dipertimbangkan dalam pembagian. Kelalaian terhadap hukum waris Islam ini disebabkan oleh dominasi kehidupan sosial dan budaya masyarakat Yoruba yang dipengaruhi oleh kolonialisme, kekristenan, dan ketidaktahuan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini berargumentasi bahwa pembagian harta peninggalan melalui sistem surat wasiat Islam yang sah dapat mengakomodasi keluarga besar budaya Yoruba. Rekomendasi menekankan pentingnya mematuhi persyaratan hukum dari hukum tanah.]

Social media is currently overgrowing, which certainly impacts people's lifestyles. However, these advances are often exploited, with cyberporn being one example. This essay seeks to evaluate and critique pornography from the point of view of Indonesian Islamic criminal law. Examining the application of criminal sanctions for pornography by Islamic criminal law, as well as the reasons why it is created and prohibited, is the aim of this study. This study examines laws and regulations with a normative legal approach. It is the study of normative juridical law. This research data set comes from legal sources. The research findings suggest several behaviors, weaknesses in judgment, constitutive consequences, additional circumstances, additional requirements for a criminal prosecution, and additional requirements for punishment that fall under the category of pornography crimes of Islamic criminal law. Criminal sanctions in Islamic law allow adultery and ta'zir as punishment for pornography offenders. Criminal acts in pornography include various forms, including sounds, moving images, animations, cartoons, conversations, body movements, and public performances containing sexual exploitation or obscene content that violates the norms of social decency.

Unfair divorce remains a significant issue faced by contemporary societies. Addressing this problem requires effective legal and legitimate interventions. The Algerian Family Code derives its fundamental principles from Islamic Sharia and is influenced by Islamic law. However, over time, the Algerian Family Code has undergone various changes and adjustments to align with modern legal and social needs. The implementation of unfair divorce under Islamic law and the Algerian Family Code has witnessed several differences and contradictions. This study examines the provisions related to unfair divorce in Islamic law and the Algerian Family Code, highlighting their similarities and differences and the extent to which the Algerian Family Code is influenced by Islamic law. The study focuses on the extent of harmony and divergence between the legal and jurisprudential bases concerning unfair divorce in Islamic Sharia and the Algerian Family Code. Considering that Islamic Sharia serves as the primary source of the Algerian Family Code, the study investigates the challenges and disagreements encountered in their application. The significance of this research lies in shedding light on legal and jurisprudential matters related to unfair divorce in Algeria, providing crucial references to legal, religious, and academic institutions to establish a balanced legal framework in cases of unfair divorce, and encouraging further research to find comprehensive and harmonious legal solutions for Algerian society. The study adopts a comparative and analytical approach by collecting data and legal sources related to unfair divorce in Islamic and Algerian law, including legal texts on family and legislation in Algeria, fatwas, and judicial decisions concerning divorce cases. The obtained information is meticulously analyzed and compared to identify the similarities and differences between the two legal systems regarding the concept and conditions of unfair divorce. Moreover, the study investigates the laws and provisions aimed at preventing unfair divorce in both Islamic law and the Algerian Family Code. The analysis and comparison reveal significant disparities in the concept and procedures of unfair divorce between Islamic law and the Algerian Family Code. While Islamic law refers to such divorces as "bid'i divorce," the Algerian legislator designates them as "unfair divorce." Furthermore, the instances qualifying as unfair divorce differ between the two systems. Under Islamic law, unfair divorce occurs during the menstruation period, during the "clean" period when the husband touches the wife, through three pronouncements in a single session, or during a terminal illness. In contrast, the Algerian legislator limits unfair divorce to three situations: when the husband intends to harm his wife through divorce, when the husband seeks a minor benefit at the expense of his wife, or when the husband's purpose in divorce is to obtain an unlawful advantage. Lastly, concerning unfair divorce compensation, Islamic law grants the divorced woman the right to "mut'a" to deter the husband and compensate for her losses. The Algerian legislator, upon proving unfair divorce, awards the divorced spouse both the "mut'a" stipulated by Sharia and compensation for the damages incurred.

This research explores legal issues related to perpetrators of child abuse with a focus on the analysis of the decision of the Kepanjen District Court (Number: 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2020/PN.KPn). The crime of abuse, which involves an attack on another individual with the aim of torturing or oppressing, has serious implications in criminal law and Islamic criminal law. The research uses a statutory and case approach, exploring normative and doctrinal aspects of Indonesian and Islamic law that are relevant to the case. The main data is obtained from primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution, Criminal Code, Law Number 11 of 2012, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, as well as Islamic legal sources such as the Qur'an and Hadith and also secondary legal materials such as books, articles, journals, and other scientific works. By using deductive analysis, this research aims to provide an overview and solution to legal problems that occur, especially regarding legal protection for minors who commit persecution as a form of defense that causes the death of begal both according to criminal law and Islamic law. This study found that children who commit persecution against begal until they die, both criminal law and Islamic law both agree that minors can only be sentenced as a last resort and must still pay attention to the best interests of the child. In juvenile law, research considers psychological factors, the need for compassion, and rehabilitation efforts to achieve balanced justice. This research contributes to the understanding of criminal law and Islamic criminal law related to cases of sexual abuse, especially those involving underage offenders.

Here, we present an investigation of dietary habits in a town whose history is strongly connected to a single food product: fish. Pontevedra (Galicia, Spain) controlled a big part of fish commerce in the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Medieval period, only losing its position with the beginning of modern era. Burials from the churches of Santa Maria (thirteenth to seventeenth centuries AD), the necropolis of fishers, and San Bartolome (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries AD), with a parish mostly made up of craftspeople, were studied to address questions of diet and subsistence practices. A total of 89 samples, including 63 humans, 18 terrestrial and 8 marine animals, were analysed for isotopic composition of bone collagen (δ13C and δ15N). The results show that domestic herbivores were fed a fodder almost exclusively based on C3 plants, while dogs and a cat consumed significant quantities of fish. Humans ate a similar, mixed terrestrial/marine diet, but probably also with an important contribution from C4 plants, most likely millet, or, from c. AD 1600 onwards, maize. Fishermen and their families buried at Santa Maria could have had preferential access to exported target sea products enriched in 15N (salted sardine, conger eel, hake and octopus), while other marine products may have been more common on the rest of the town’s tables. The decline in fishing activity in the sixteenth–seventeenth centuries appears to have been accompanied by a diversification of diet. The dietary habits of the middle-class urban inhabitants of Pontevedra are closely connected to its economic history and environmental changes.

This article argues that the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) has played a fundamental role in western Europe’s economic development. The EMP emerged in north-western Europe in the late medieval period as a result of the preaching of the Catholic Church promoting marriage based on consensus, the rise of labour markets, and specific institutions concerning property transfers between generations that encouraged wage labour by women. It resulted in a demographic regime embedded in a highly commercial environment, in which households interacted frequently with labour, capital, and commodity markets.We also discuss possible long-term consequences for human capital formation and institution building.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the indoor and outdoor ambient dose equivalent rates measured by the ion chamber inside and around the historical sacral objects at a few locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The investigated objects made of the traditional building materials were built in the Late Medieval, Post Medieval, and Ottoman Period of Bosnia and Herzegovina history. The LUDLUM Model 9DP instrument based on a pressurized ion chamber was selected for natural low level radiation measurements since the ionisation chambers have higher sensitivities than the other types of detectors. The detection capability of the LUDLUM Model 9DP pressurized ion chamber was examined in the laboratory conditions with a source of low activity and under natural environmental radiation conditions by measuring the indoor and outdoor dose rates. A weak positive correlation was found between the ambient dose equivalent rates inside the historical sacral objects and the dose rates outside the objects. The average evaluated value of the indoor to outdoor dose rate ratio of 1.07 for the studied historic objects is less than that obtained for the contemporary building materials such as concrete. No study on the indoor to outdoor dose rate ratio in Bosnia and Herzegovina measured by the LUDLUM 9DP dose rate meter based on an ion chamber has been conducted yet. In addition to direct measurements, the first gamma spectrometric analysis of a few samples of building materials from the Late Medieval period in Bosna and Herzegovina was performed. The results of the gamma analysis revealed almost uniform distribution of primordial radionuclides in the investigated samples. It was demonstrated that such materials had the reduced content of radioactive isotopes compared to the contemporary building materials and therefore they could have potential advantages in specific applications related to the environmentally sustainable architecture.

Islamic law is considered the law of God. That is, Islamic law is in the form of Allah's rules that aim to regulate the relationship between humans and God (worship) and the relationship between humans and society, the relationship between humans and daily human activities (muammalah). In Indonesia, Islamic law is adopted in the environment of Religious courts. A woman who has a case in a Religious Court needs to understand the history of its development and its legal sources. In this context, a woman may only litigate in the fields of marriage and inheritance. In this field, a woman does not find legal provisions based on equality between men and women. Instead, she finds legal provisions that are not yet appropriate. The Receptio Theory must continue to exist in the formation of new Indonesian law, because Islamic law is the main factor in the development of law in Indonesia in the form of Indonesian national law. The emergence of the Receptio A Contrario theory means that for Muslims, Islamic law applies, while customary law can apply if it does not conflict with Islamic law. In the development of Indonesian national law, religious law (Islamic Law) is the most dominant basis, where Islamic law plays a very important role in shaping the behavior of Indonesian people. Therefore, Islamic law is an absolute element for the development of Indonesian national law.

Purpose – This article discusses the practice of oral sex in marriage as a contemporary issue that reveals normative tensions between medical bioethics and Islamic family law. This study aims to analyze the practice of oral sex not only from the perspective of Islamic law but also by considering the medical risks, sexual ethical dimensions, and its impact on husband-wife relations within the framework of contemporary Islamic family law. Methods – This qualitative study with a normative legal research type uses an interdisciplinary approach, including fiqh and Islamic family law approaches, Islamic bioethics, and medical bioethics studies based on international scientific literature. Data were obtained through a literature study of classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, as well as national and international journal articles in the fields of bioethics and sexual health, which were analyzed normatively, analytically, and comparatively using the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah framework. Findings – This study confirms that the practice of oral sex in marriage must be analyzed multidimensionally, considering medical risks, sexual ethics, and the quality of the husband-wife relationship. Medical bioethics findings indicate potential health risks that require caution, while Islamic bioethics and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah provide a normative framework that emphasizes the protection of life, human dignity, and family welfare. Simultaneously, contemporary Islamic family law analysis reveals that the impact of oral sex on marital relations is highly dependent on the principles of equal consent, open communication, and balance of power in the relationship. Research implications – This finding implies the need for a reconstruction of sexual ethics in Islamic family law that is not permissive without limits but also does not reject medical science findings, instead integrating them critically for the benefit of the family. Originality/value – The originality of this research lies in its integrative approach to examining oral sex through a synthesis of medical bioethics, Islamic bioethics, and contemporary Islamic family law, thereby offering a more comprehensive and relevant normative-ethical perspective on Islamic law in the modern era.

Preface Acknowledgments Note to the Reader 1. The Tale of Genji and the Dynamics of Cultural Production: Canonization and Popularization, by Haruo Shirane Part I. The Late Heian and Medieval Periods: Court Culture, Gender, and Representation 2. Figure and Facture in the Genji Scrolls: Text, Calligraphy, Paper, and Painting, by Yukio Lippit 3. The Tale of Genji and the Development of Female-Spirit No, by Reiko Yamanaka 4. Monochromatic Genji: The Hakubyo Tradition and Female Commentarial Culture, by Melissa McCormick 5. Genre Trouble: Medieval Commentaries and Canonization of The Tale of Genji, by Lewis Cook Part II. Late Medieval and Edo Periods: Warrior Society, Education, and Popular Culture 6. Didactic Readings of The Tale of Genji: Politics and Women's Education, by Haruki Ii 7. Genji Pictures from Momoyama Painting to Edo Ukiyo-e: Cultural Authority and New Horizons, by Keiko Nakamachi 8. The Splendor of Hybridity: Image and Text in Ryutei Tanehiko's Inaka Genji, by Michael Emmerich Part III. The Meiji, Taisho, and Prewar Showa Periods: National Literature, World Literature, and Imperial Japan 9. The Tale of Genji, National Literature, Language, and Modernism, by Tomi Suzuki 10. Wartime Japan, the Imperial Line, and The Tale of Genji, by Masaaki Kobayashi Part IV. The Postwar Showa and Heisei Periods: Visuality, Sexuality, and Mass Culture 11. The Tale of Genji in Postwar Film: Emperor, Aestheticism, and the Erotic, by Kazuhiro Tateishi 12. Sexuality, Gender, and The Tale of Genji in Modern Japanese Translations and Manga, by Yuika Kitamura Chapter Titles of The Tale of Genji Selected Bibliography on The Tale of Genji and Its Reception in English Contributors Index

A health crisis during the Japanese Medieval Period: A new paleodemographic perspective

Abstract: The paper discussed the status and right of a child born through Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) to inherit under Islamic Law. The types of ART such as artificial insemination, in-vitro fertilisation, sperm donor/ova bank and surrogacy have been examined to discover whether a child born through any of these processes has a legal right to inherit one or both supposed parents under Islamic Law. The paper adopted a doctrinal research method by conducting an in-depth analysis of primary and secondary legal research sources. The paper further examined and analysed the arguments of Muslim scholars on the topic, and it was discovered that the jurists are not unanimous as to whether the contributor of the ovum or the woman who carries the pregnancy and gives birth to the child is the birth mother under the surrogacy arrangement for child right to the inheritance. The writer’s primary finding is that where the semen and egg of a consented lawfully married couple are used to conduct the process, such a child is the legal child of that marriage and has full right to inherit both the parents. But where the third party is involved either by artificial insemination or through surrogacy or in-vitro fertilisation, the child is walad al-zina – (illegitimate child), who cannot inherit their father but will only inherit their mother and her relatives. The paper recommended that the practice of ART should be limited to only a legally married couple during their marriage to guarantee their children's inheritance.

This volume publishes the results from a conference held in 2015 on "the lord bishop", Dominus Episcopus, discussing various functions and roles of bishops during the Middle Ages, covering the early to the late medieval period in mainly Northern Europe (England, Sweden, Denmark and Germany) and also Spain. For the early medieval period, the bishops' role in relation to and upholding canon law in pre-Viking Anglo-Saxon England is considered, moreover their role in everyday pastoral activities, as well as their relation to monasteries. For the middle medieval period, the role of bishops in warfare, especially in relation to the crusades, is discussed, but also their behaviour in relation to (and violations of) ecclesiastical norms and regulations. Lastly, Scandinavian bishops and their political and military involvement during the late medieval period, the Castilian episcopacy and their relation to the royal court, and finally three archbishops competing over the archbishop's see in Uppsala in the late medieval period are discussed.