Pheromones in the integrated management of Arecaceae-defoliating pests. A review

ABSTRACTTo better understand the chemistry of biodiesel surrogates, the gas‐phase oxidation of a C12 unsaturated methyl ester, methyl‐10‐undecenoate, has been studied in a jet‐stirred reactor in the temperature range 500–1100 K. These experiments were performed using neat fuel synthesized in the laboratory, with an initial fuel mole fraction set as 0.0021, at quasi‐atmospheric pressure (1.07 bar), at a residence time of 1.5 s with dilute mixtures in helium of equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. The maximum obtained conversion was shown to be more than twice lower than that of methyl decanoate under the same conditions. This difference cannot be reproduced by the only published model for an unsaturated ester with a close number of carbon atoms (methyl‐9‐decenoate). A large range of products was quantified in addition to common oxidation products: saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated methyl esters with a second carbonyl function, C2–C10 alkenes, C4–C10 dienes, C4–C10 unsaturated methyl esters, C8–C9 saturated methyl esters, and saturated, unsaturated, and hydroxyl methyl esters involving a cyclic ether. Pathways of formation for the products specific to unsaturated ester oxidation were proposed, and possible model improvements were discussed.

Summary Sex pheromone released by Megoura viciae oviparae was collected and analysed for the quantity and relative amounts of each of the two biologically active components. Pheromone was not produced until the second day of the adult stadium, increasing in quantity up to day 6 and then declining. The ratio of (-)-(1R, 4aS, 7S, 7aR)-nepetalactol: (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone pheromone mixture changed from ca 1:5 on days 2-6 after adult moult to 1:12 on days 7 and 8, but returned to the original composition by day 10. The behaviour of male aphids from three species, Aeyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis fabae, and M. viciae, was observed in an olfactometer and in two mating bioassays, using both synthetic and natural sex pheromone. The two active components were combined in ratios which mimicked the pheromone released by these and other aphid species. It was found that: 1. M. viciae males were attracted by the synthetic sex pheromone in the olfactometer, with maximal attraction to the conspecific ratio. On the other hand, A. pisum and A. fabae males did not respond to any pheromone mixtures in the olfactometer. 2. Males of all three species could be induced to attempt copulation with conspecific virginoparae treated with synthetic pheromone (virginoparae reproduce asexually and do not produce the sex pheromone). The response in M. viciae and A. fabae was equivalent to that elicited by natural pheromone released by calling conspecific oviparae, but in A. pisum it was slightly lower. 3. In M. viciae, the relative activities of the nepetalactol and the nepetalactone were reversed in the two assays. Thus the former was more potent in the mating bioassay, the latter in the olfactometer. The nepetalactol appeared to act as an aphrodisiac and the nepetalactone as an attractant. 4. Mating response was greatest at the species-specific ratio of the two components, but males were also significantly responsive to mixtures mimicking the sex pheromone of other species.

A B S T R A C T Biofuel, a renewable energy is mainly produced by transesterification of fatty acids either in presence of enzyme or catalysts. The transesterification relies on the use of either strong base or strong acid homogeneous catalysts for effective performance; but, homogeneous catalysts are associated with a variety of technical hurdles that limit their use for biodiesel production. Although there have been recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification; the separation of methyl ester (FAMEs) from crude glycerol and alcohol recovery are still major hindrances. A possible alternative could be the use of solid acid catalysts in thermocatalytic cracking of triglycerides. Sulphated zirconia catalyst was evaluated for thermocatalytic cracking of triglycerides at a relatively low temperature (270 o C) and atmospheric pressure. The catalyst was found to be active toward cracking vegetable oils to methyl esters. The catalyst at this temperature exhibited different selectivity towards formation of saturated and unsaturated methyl esters. The catalyst yield of methyl esters under these conditions was 58% while 80% of the product being unsaturated. This opens up the possibility of controlling the degree of saturation of the methyl ester product by catalyst choice, to produce more or less saturated fuels for different markets. The range of products from gases to middle distillates and the unique selectivity for saturated and unsaturated esters may be a significant process advantage of this form of catalytic cracking. An important long chain unsaturated alcohol (1Heptatriacotanol) was also identified. The unsaturated alcohol is known as an industrial chemical.

Among lepidopteran insects, the female‐produced sex pheromones are the most widely used chemical stimuli for pest management by (i) mating disruption, and (ii) monitoring adult insect populations in agricultural crops. Sesamia nonagrioides is one of the main pests on maize crops around the Mediterranean area and monitoring adult populations with synthetic sex pheromone is of great interest. The technique used involved field trapping with synthetic pheromone blend. The reliability of the technique is directly related to the trap shape and pheromone blends. Universal Moth Trap® (UM trap, Biosyste˘mes, France) and Service Régional de la Protection des Végétaux (SRPV) traps baited with either synthetic pheromone blend or virgin females were evaluated in two commercial maize fields (var.cecilia) (Belleserre, Tarn. France) to determine the potential use of synthetic lures in monitoring S. nonagrioides populations in maize field. The study showed that SRPV traps baited with synthetic pheromone blend caught significantly more S. nonagrioides males than UM traps baited with the same blend, indicating the efficiency of the SRPV traps in monitoring field population of S. nonagrioides. The study also showed that the synthetic pheromone‐baited SRPV trap caught three times less adult males than the same traps baited with virgin females indicating that the synthetic blend was less attractive than the natural blend released by virgin females. However, despite the lower number of catches in the SRPV traps baited with synthetic pheromones, there was a significant and positive relationship between the number of catches in SRPV traps baited with the synthetic pheromone and with the females. This result indicates that synthetic pheromones can be used as baits in SRPV traps to monitor S. nonagrioides adult population in commercial maize crops. Nevertheless, to use the synthetic pheromone to monitor S. nonagrioides population effectively in the field, further refinement and improvement of the synthetic blend should be carried out in order to obtain a blend that is equally as attractive as the natural blend released by virgin females.

In this study, a comparison in the precipitation extremes as exhibited by the seven reference datasets is made to ascertain whether the inferences based on these datasets agree or they differ. These seven datasets, roughly grouped in three categories i.e. rain-gauge based (APHRODITE, CPC-UNI), satellite-based (TRMM, GPCP1DD) and reanalysis based (ERA-Interim, MERRA, and JRA55), having a common data period 1998–2007 are considered. Focus is to examine precipitation extremes in the summer monsoon rainfall over South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Measures of extreme precipitation include the percentile thresholds, frequency of extreme precipitation events and other quantities. Results reveal that the differences in displaying extremes among the datasets are small over South Asia and East Asia but large differences among the datasets are displayed over the Southeast Asian region including the maritime continent. Furthermore, precipitation data appear to be more consistent over East Asia among the seven datasets. Decadal trends in extreme precipitation are consistent with known results over South and East Asia. No trends in extreme precipitation events are exhibited over Southeast Asia. Outputs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulation data are categorized as high, medium and low-resolution models. The regions displaying maximum intensity of extreme precipitation appear to be dependent on model resolution. High-resolution models simulate maximum intensity of extreme precipitation over the Indian sub-continent, medium-resolution models over northeast India and South China and the low-resolution models over Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand. In summary, there are differences in displaying extreme precipitation statistics among the seven datasets considered here and among the 29 CMIP5 model data outputs.

Islam Translated, Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia

This study investigated heavy metal contamination in drinking water in five Asian regions (East, Southeast, South, Central, and West Asia) with an interest in inorganic arsenic (iAs), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). Human exposure, risks, and the disease burdens in terms of loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed. Concentrations of heavy metals and risks in different regions were variable. Hazard index (HI), cancer risk (CR) and DALYs were used as the health metrics. The total cancer risk was highest in Southeast Asia (2.18 × 10−4) followed by South Asia (1.61 × 10−4), West Asia (1.04 × 10−4), Central Asia (8.85 × 10−5) and East Asia (3.94 × 10−5). Cancer risks exceeding 1 × 10−4 (1 in 10,000) were considered higher risk while Southeast Asia had the highest risk. In terms of population-adjusted DALY, South Asia had the highest (1.95 × 105) followed by Southeast Asia (8.66 × 104), East Asia (2.34 × 104), West Asia (1.91 × 104) and Central Asia (4.60 × 103). Lung cancer emerged as the main outcome in all regions, accounting for 85% and 94% of cancer risks, and DALYs respectively. The findings highlight regional disparities, requiring intervention strategies in a few regions. The actions may include implementing regulations, treatment technologies and establishing monitoring systems to ensure water quality.

Background. Islam is the second largest religion in South Asia, with more than 600 million Muslims living there, making up about a third of the region's population. The history of Islam in South Asia began along the coastal regions of the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka, after its beginnings in the Arabian Peninsula. Purpose. This research was made to thoroughly explore the history of Islamic civilization in the modern era in South Asia and Southeast Asia. With this research, it is hoped that it can add insight to the readers in the study of the history of Islamic civilization and can answer various questions about when Islam entered South Asia and Southeast Asia, how the process and impact on the people who live there, and who plays an important role in the spread of Islam on both continents. Method. The data collected will be analyzed by identifying the themes, arguments or main ideas in the texts and analyzing how they influenced and were influenced by the development of Islamic civilization in Southeast and South Asia. Results. Southeast Asia is home to the largest Muslim population in the world. Islam is the majority religion in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. Islam in Southeast Asia was spread through the activities of traders and Sufis. Unlike other Islamic regions of the world, it was spread through the Arab and Turkish conquests. Conclusion. Thus the presentation of material about Islamic Civilization in Southeast Asia and South Asia and how the method of its spread. We as writers realize that the results of the papers we compile are far from perfect, for the future we will try to be even better in presenting writing or discussion.

<p indent="0mm">Although the significant decrease in PM_2.5 concentrations across China in response to the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan during 2013–2017, the ozone (O₃) concentrations have increased rapidly. Previous studies have revealed that long-range transboundary transport from South Asia (SA) and Southeast Asia (SEA) greatly influences the O₃ concentrations in China; however, these studies majorly focused on biomass burning events. The impact of anthropogenic emissions from neighboring countries on China’s O₃ pollution has not been comprehensively and quantitatively investigated. In addition, the analysis of the impact of future transport from SA and SEA on O₃ concentrations in China is required. Based on (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) SSPs, a new set of future emission inventories, this study estimated the MDA8 O₃ concentrations in China, SA, and SEA under different SSPs scenarios from 2015 to 2050 with varying anthropogenic and open burning emissions using a three-dimensional chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). Several sensitivity experiments were simulated to quantitatively assess the impact of anthropogenic and open burning emission changes in SA and SEA on the future atmospheric O₃ concentrations in China. Transport from SA and SEA can influence MDA8 O₃ concentrations in China widely, covering the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan Basin (SCB), Qinghai, Tibet and parts of Xinjiang. It contributed to an increase in annual mean MDA O₃ concentrations over above regions by <sc>3.0–19.0 μg m⁻³</sc> in 2015, and led to an increase in MDA8 O₃ concentration in China by <sc>4.0 μg m⁻³.</sc> Monthly variation characteristics of the impacts of SA and SEA transport on concentrations of MDA O₃ in SCB, PRD, and YRD regions were further explored in this study. In 2015, the regional transport from SA and SEA had the highest impact on the MDA8 O₃ concentrations in SCB, increased its annual mean concentration by <sc>6.2 μg m⁻³,</sc> followed by PRD <sc>(+4.7 μg m⁻³),</sc> and YRD <sc>(+0.6 μg m⁻³).</sc> Accompanied by the strong westerly and southwesterly winds on the surface and 850 hPa near 30°N in spring, the influence of transport from SA and SEA on MDA8 O₃ concentrations was highest in SCB in March 2015 <sc>(+10.1 μg m⁻³,</sc> +7.2%), followed by April <sc>(+9.4 μg m⁻³,</sc> +6.4%). Due to the prevailing southwesterly winds at 10°–30°N on the surface and 850 hPa in summer, the contribution attained its peak in July <sc>(+14.0 μg m⁻³,</sc> +10.4%), followed by August <sc>(+9.1 μg m⁻³,</sc> +6.5%) in PRD, while it peaked in July <sc>(+2.5 μg m⁻³,</sc> +1.7%), followed by June <sc>(+1.4 μg m⁻³,</sc> +0.9%) in YRD. Based on medium and long-term perspectives (2015–2030), the impact of transport from SA and SEA on MDA8 O₃ concentrations in SCB, PRD, and YRD from 2015 to 2030 were simulated. Substantive reductions under SSP1, especially under SSP1-1.9 pathway were observed (the largest decline in SCB was <sc>−3.5 μg m⁻³</sc> (−36.5%) in April, and <sc>−3.0 μg m⁻³</sc> (−21.1%) and <sc>−1.1 μg m⁻³</sc> (−43.1%) in PRD and YRD, respectively, in July). The MDA8 O₃ concentrations in SCB, PRD, and YRD during 2015–2030 were projected to increase under SSP3-7.0 scenario (the highest increase in the SCB will be <sc>+1.5 μg m⁻³</sc> (+20.1%) in May, and <sc>+1.2 μg m⁻³</sc> (+8.5%) and <sc>0.2 μg m⁻³</sc> (+7.5%) in July, respectively, in PRD and YRD). Therefore, controlling O₃ pollution due to the transport from SA and SEA in China during 2015–2030 will be easier year by year under the SSP1-1.9 scenario, while greater efforts would be required under the SSP3-7.0 pathway. The long-term (2015–2050) trend of MDA8 O₃ concentrations in the above three regions affected by the transport from SA and SEA is similar to that of the mid-to-long term.

According to the basic principles of flood risk, risk of storm hazard, stability of disaster environment and vulnerabilities of hazard-affected bodies, we used South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia as the study area and comprehensively considered major indicators, including the rainfall, topography, land use, vegetation, river network density, population and economic strength, to perform a disaster impact evaluation. The above-mentioned factors were normalized to obtain standardized multi-source raster data using the geographic information system (GIS) software package. The weights of relevant indicators were determined according to analytic hierarchy processes, and a model to perform comprehensive risk assessment of flood was constructed. We used GIS to obtain an assessment map of the flood comprehensive risk levels of typical Asian areas. With the help of the comprehensive analysis, genesis and mitigation service principles and assessment map of the flood comprehensive risk levels, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on the study region. Finally, the study area was divided into six sub-regions, the northwestern, southwestern, southern, and central districts, eastern plains, and southeastern coastal areas. Among these districts, the eastern plains and southeastern coastal areas had the highest risk, followed by the southern district. Meanwhile, the southwestern district had lower values, and the northwestern and central districts exhibited the lowest risk. The results from this research have significant reference values regarding macro-policy decisions on the prevention of flood disasters in the South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

SSR Analysis on Diversity of AA Genome Oryza Species in the Southeast and South Asia

BackgroundDisease burden attributable to extreme high temperature requires more attention amid dramatic climate change, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia.MethodsWe analyzed comprehensive estimates from the GBD 2021 Study, examining mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across 369 diseases and 88 risk factors. This study employed joinpoint regression analysis and Age-Period-Cohort modeling to examine time trends from 1990 to 2021 and projected disease burden up to 2045 by incorporating demographic forecasts and a Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model.ResultsSouth Asia and Southeast Asia contributed more than half of the global death number attributed to high temperature. In 2021, South Asia recorded 209,537 deaths and Southeast Asia recorded 32,230 deaths attributed to high temperatures. In South Asia and Southeast Asia, Pakistan bore the highest number and rate of deaths attributed to high temperature. The population above 55 and below 5 years in South Asia and Southeast Asia experienced higher disease burden attributed to high temperature. The leading cause of ASMR attributed to high temperature in South Asia and Southeast Asia was non-communicable diseases. Population growth and aging were the main drivers of ASMR increases in South Asia and Southeast Asia, while epidemiological changes contributed to a reduction in ASMR. Deaths attributed to high temperatures in South and Southeast Asia are projected to rise until 2045, with South Asia exceeding 400,000 and Southeast Asia approaching 100,000 deaths in 2045.ConclusionsThis study highlights the urgent need for region-specific, gender-specific and age-specific interventions to reduce high temperature-related disease burden in South Asia and Southeast Asia.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-025-00823-4.

Lepidopteran sex pheromones have been identified from more than 500 species. The pheromones in the most predominant group (Type I) are composed of unsaturated C 1 0 - C 1 8 straight-chain compounds with a terminal functional group, such as bombykol produced by the silkworm moth. In addition to them, females in some evolved families produce C 1 7 - C 2 3 polyunsaturated hydrocarbons and the epoxy derivatives, constituting a second major group (Type II). While some synthetic pheromones have already been utilized for plant protection on the basis of their strong attractive activities for male moths, many bioorganic chemical studies are currently underway on this exciting topic. This paper addresses recent research conducted mainly in the Chemical Ecology Laboratory in TUAT and explores the flature of pheromone studies and potential applications.

Vocalizations of infant brown rats, but not infant house mice, enhance rodent captures in sex pheromone-baited traps

We measured the effects of exposure to volatile compounds produced by host plants on the rate of capture of male Spodoptera exigua using synthetic sex pheromones. Exposure to volatile compounds stimulated strong electroantennographic responses of male S. exigua. The behavioral responses of male moths to combinations of sex pheromone and volatile compounds were tested in wind tunnel experiments. When lures were baited with synthetic sex pheromone plus benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, or linalool, respectively, the landing rate of S. exigua males was increased by 101.4%, 79.6%, 60.6%, and 34.3%, respectively, compared to sex pheromone alone. In field tests, traps baited with either pheromone + (E)-2-hexenal, pheromone + phenylacetaldehyde, pheromone + (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, or pheromone + (Z)-3-hexenol enhanced moth catches by 38.8%, 34.6%, 24.6%, and 20.8%, respectively compared to traps baited with pheromone alone. In a second field experiment, more S. exigua males were trapped with a combination of a synthetic sex pheromone blend and several individual host plant volatiles compared to synthetic sex pheromone alone. These results suggest that some host plant volatiles enhance the orientation response of S. exigua male moths to sex pheromone sources.