Abstract
Different types of microshoot cultures (agar, stationary liquid, agitated, and bioreactors) of Verbena officinalis were optimized for biomass growth and the production of phenylpropanoid glycosides and phenolic acids. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the presence of verbascoside, isoverbascoside, leucoseptoside A/isomers, and cistanoside D/isomer was confirmed in the methanolic extracts obtained from all types of in vitro cultures. The compound’s content was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. The main metabolites in biomass extracts were verbascoside and isoverbascoside (maximum 4881.61 and 451.80 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)). In the soil-grown plant extract, verbascoside was also dominated (1728.97 mg/100 g DW). The content of phenolic acids in the analyzed extracts was below 24 mg/100 g DW. The highest radical scavenging activity was found in the biomass extract from agitated cultures, the most effective reducing power in agar culture extract, and the highest chelating activity in extract from bioreactor cultures. The extracts showed significantly stronger bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.3–2.2 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.6–9 mg/mL) than against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC 0.6–9 mg/mL, MBC of 0.6–18 mg/mL). The biomass extract from liquid stationary culture showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the extract from soil-grown herb had the lowest.
Highlights
Verbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae), known as vervain and common verbena, is a cosmopolitan species found in Europe, Asia, Australia, North America, South America, and northern Africa [1,2,3,4]
The presented study showed that the main group of metabolites accumulated in the established different types of V. officinalis microshoot cultures were phenylpropanoid glycosides with verbascoside as a quantitative dominant compound
Vo-LA cultures showed the highest concentration of verbascoside
Summary
Verbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae), known as vervain and common verbena, is a cosmopolitan species found in Europe, Asia, Australia, North America, South America, and northern Africa [1,2,3,4]. Its herb (Verbenae officinalis herba) has long been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, secretolytic, and expectorant properties [5,6,7]. The latest studies on V. officinalis herb extracts have confirmed that this plant’s raw material is characterized by several valuable biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, analgesic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, sedative, anxiolytic, gastroprotective, and insecticidal properties [5,8,9,10,11]. V. officinalis herb has been reported by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as food constituent which protect cells and tissues against oxidative damage [12] and included in the CosIng (Cosmetic Ingredient) database [2] as a raw material that can be used in official European phytotherapy as well as in the food and cosmetic industries. The valuable biological activity profiles of V. officinalis herbs can be mainly attributed to the presence of compounds from the group of iridoids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, polyphenols, and essential oils [5,6,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]
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