Abstract
Experimental studies have shown that sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) produce increased caloric intake, greater fat consumption, and increased late-night eating. However, whether individuals show similar energy intake responses to both SR and TSD remains unknown. A total of N = 66 healthy adults (aged 21–50 years, 48.5% women, 72.7% African American) participated in a within-subjects laboratory protocol to compare daily and late-night intake between one night of SR (4 h time in bed, 04:00–08:00) and one night of TSD (0 h time in bed) conditions. We also examined intake responses during subsequent recovery from SR or TSD and investigated gender differences. Caloric and macronutrient intake during the day following SR and TSD were moderately to substantially consistent within individuals (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients: 0.34–0.75). During the late-night period of SR (22:00–04:00) and TSD (22:00–06:00), such consistency was slight to moderate, and participants consumed a greater percentage of calories from protein (p = 0.01) and saturated fat (p = 0.02) during SR, despite comparable caloric intake (p = 0.12). Similarly, participants consumed a greater percentage of calories from saturated fat during the day following SR than TSD (p = 0.03). Participants also consumed a greater percentage of calories from protein during recovery after TSD (p < 0.001). Caloric intake was greater in men during late-night hours and the day following sleep loss. This is the first evidence of phenotypic trait-like stability and differential vulnerability of energy balance responses to two commonly experienced types of sleep loss: our findings open the door for biomarker discovery and countermeasure development to predict and mitigate this critical health-related vulnerability.
Highlights
Experimental studies have demonstrated causal mechanisms between short sleep duration and obesity risk
Nutrients 2016, 8, 823 the additional energy cost differs by sleep loss type: approximately 100 additional calories are required during sleep restriction [1,15], while 135 additional calories are required during total sleep deprivation [16], suggesting that intake amounts may differ during and following these sleep loss types to compensate for differential increases in energy expenditure
During the late-night period of one night of sleep restriction (SR) and one night of total sleep deprivation (TSD), consistency was slight to moderate; caloric intake did not differ, participants consumed a greater percentage of calories from protein and saturated fat during SR
Summary
Experimental studies have demonstrated causal mechanisms between short sleep duration and obesity risk. During total sleep deprivation (one night of continuous wakefulness), adults consume a large number of calories during the overnight period [12], consume more fat the following day [12], make more food purchases [13], consume larger portion sizes [14] and eat more calories from snacks [14] This increased consumption of energy (via food/drink) [9] exceeds the additional energy required to sustain the extended wakefulness associated with either type of sleep loss [1,15,16,17]. Nutrients 2016, 8, 823 the additional energy cost differs by sleep loss type: approximately 100 additional calories are required during sleep restriction [1,15], while 135 additional calories are required during total sleep deprivation [16], suggesting that intake amounts may differ during and following these sleep loss types to compensate for differential increases in energy expenditure.
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