Pharmacologic agents for perioperative cardioprotection in noncardiac surgery.

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This review will discuss the current pharmacologic strategies for mitigation of perioperative myocardial. State-of-the-art benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions to delineate knowledge gaps in current guidelines and clinical practice will be presented. Beta-blockers are known to reduce major adverse cardiac events but inappropriate preoperative initiation results in adverse outcomes. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron System (RAAS) inhibitors once universally discontinued before surgery are now under reconsideration as continuation seems not to be associated with increased risk. Statins continue to be the cornerstone due to their pleiotropic effect. Continuation of aspirin is supported perioperatively if the bleeding risk due to surgery is low to moderate. A few studies have investigated a strategy of strict intraoperative blood pressure control but failed to observe a meaningful effect on outcome. Whether prompt intensification of treatment in case of diagnosis of myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery improves outcome remains to be established. Since the MANAGE trial, no new studies have prospectively addressed this question. New data have questioned previous ideas and suggest a more nuanced, personalized approach to perioperative management. Accordingly, future studies should address refinement in risk stratification, optimization of pharmacologic strategies, and the development of novel therapies in attempting to enhance outcomes in high-risk surgical populations.