Pharmaceutical Study on CitrakatriphaladiLeha (Veterinary): A Classical Ayurvedic Formulation for SleshmikaKasa in Horses

BackgroundThis is a first description of the main ethnoveterinary features of the peasants in the Sierras de Córdoba. The aim of this study was to analyze the use of medicinal plants and other traditional therapeutic practices for healing domestic animals and cattle. Our particular goals were to: characterize veterinary ethnobotanical knowledge considering age, gender and role of the specialists; interpret the cultural features of the traditional local veterinary medicine and plant uses associated to it; compare the plants used in traditional veterinary medicine, with those used in human medicine in the same region.MethodsFieldwork was carried out as part of an ethnobotanic regional study where 64 informants were interviewed regarding medicinal plants used in veterinary medicine throughout 2001-2010. Based participant observation and open and semi-structured interviews we obtained information on the traditional practices of diagnosis and healing, focusing on the veterinary uses given to plants (part of the plant used, method of preparation and administration). Plants speciemens were collected with the informants and their vernacular and scientific names were registered in a database. Non-parametric statistic was used to evaluate differences in medicinal plant knowledge, use, and valorization by local people. A comparison between traditional veterinary medicine and previous human medicine studies developed in the region was performed by analyzing the percentages of common species and uses, and by considering Sorensen's Similarity Index.ResultsA total of 127 medicinal uses were registered, corresponding to 70 species of plants belonging to 39 botanic families. Veterinary ethnobotanical knowledge was specialized, restricted, in general, to cattle breeders (mainly men) and to a less degree to healers, and was independent of the age of the interviewees. Native plants were mostly used as skin cicatrizants, disinfectants or for treating digestive disorders. Together with a vast repertoire of plant pharmacopoeia, the therapies also involve religious or ritualistic practices and other popular remedies that evidence the influence of traditional Hispanic-European knowledge. Although the traditional veterinary knowledge seems to be similar or else is inlcuded in the local human ethnomedicine, sharing a common group of plants, it has distinct traits originated by a constant assessment of new applications specifically destined to the treatment of animals.ConclusionsVeterinary medicine is a fountain of relevant vernacular knowledge, a permanent source for testing new applications with valuable ethnobotanical interest. Knowledge on medicinal applications of native plants will allow future validations and tests for new homeopathic or phytotherapeutic preparations.

VCO (virgin coconut oil) has benefits for skin health such as softening the skin, maintaining skin health, and protecting the skin from radiation and free radicals. VCO as one of the raw materials for making cream preparations can affect its physical stability. This study aimed to analyze the effect of VCO on the physical stability of sweet potato leaf extract creams and antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The creams were made with five formulas namely base, extract cream 2%, and VCO 1%, 3%, 5% added to the extract cream 2% respectively. Physical stability test included storage for six weeks at room temperature. Stability parameters were organoleptic observation, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesivity, and cream type. Statistical analysis was carried out with the Anova and Kruskal Wallis tests. The organoleptic test results of the cream extract showed a distinctive odor, green color, with semisolid and homogeneous texture. Increasing the concentration of VCO will increase the spreadability of extract cream but did not affect pH and adhesion. The conclusion of this study was that extract cream 2% without the addition of VCO was the most stable cream formulation. Besides that, all the cream formulas did not show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

Remarks on Non-Parametric Estimates for Density Functions and Regression Curves

Many common food ingredients (crystalline sugars, inorganic salts, and organic acids) exhibit deliquescence, a moisture‐induced solid to solution phase transition that occurs at a characteristic relative humidity, RH 0 . An automated gravimetric water vapor sorption balance was used to measure RH 0 , and a water activity (a W ) meter was used to measure a W of saturated solutions to characterize deliquescence of individual food ingredients and their mixtures. Measured RH 0 and a W values were similar ( P > 0.01), except for ingredients that form hydrates (confirmed by FT‐Raman spectroscopy) and for mixtures containing more than 2 ingredients. A significantly lower ( P < 0.01) RH 0 was obtained for all mixtures compared with individual ingredients, and optical microscopy images demonstrated the impact of ingredient contact on RH 0 lowering. Increasing temperature significantly decreased RH 0 ( P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that deliquescence lowering in ingredient mixtures has the potential to impact both chemical (for example, sucrose and citric acid mixtures) and physical stability (caking) of powdered ingredient mixtures.

Liposomal technology has become a significant advancement in the field of veterinary therapeutics, offering increased performance and safety in the delivery of treatments such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and anti-cancer medications. With their superior stability, improved encapsulation of drugs, and more efficient transport mechanisms, nanoparticles are becoming a key tool for future uses in veterinary applications. This review article explores the latest developments and potential future applications of liposomes for delivering drugs and vaccines in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, we delve into the potential of liposomes for ground-breaking applications. These include delivering drugs precisely to specific tissues and organs, alongside the incorporation of immunomodulatory agents to boost vaccine effectiveness in veterinary medicine. It will emphasize the critical role of liposomes in the administration of vaccines and pharmaceuticals, as well as their potential as nanoscale carriers in veterinary applications. It will highlight the expanding significance of liposomes in veterinary medicine and delve into their potential as a foundational technology for advancing animal health management strategies.

The role of the macrolide tulathromycin in veterinary medicine

Inferential Statistics

Parasitic nematodes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain a major threat to both human beings and livestock. The aim of this study was to document medicinal plants used in the management of intestinal parasitosis in the small ruminants and humans. Information relating to the different plants used in the treatment of human intestinal parasitosis and small ruminants was collected through an ethnobotanical survey carried out in the DONGA Department of Benin. On subjecting the traditional healers and small ruminant breeders to a questionnaire, it appears that intestinal parasitosis is manifested mainly by transit disorders (vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea). Forty-four species belonging to twenty-two families were documented and used in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis. Fabaceae is the most represented family and species common to traditional human and veterinary medicine have been reported. Khaya senegalensis was the most cited species used in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis by traditional healers (9%) and small ruminant breeders (27%). A brief review of the literature provided summary of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis. It also made it possible to bring a resemblance between human traditional medicine and veterinary medicine. Key words: Intestinal parasitosis, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plants, Ethnobotanical survey, Benin.

To determine the impact of gender and race-ethnicity on reasons applicants to the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine decided to pursue a career in veterinary medicine and their career aspirations. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Personal statements from 694 veterinary medical school applications submitted in 2008. Personal statements were read by investigators to identify the turning point for each applicant's decision to pursue a career in veterinary medicine and each applicant's intended career path. Veterinary practice experience and animal ownership were the most frequently stated reasons for pursuing a veterinary career; differences were not identified between males and females. More Caucasian applicants than underrepresented minority (URM) applicants stated veterinary practice experience and more URM applicants than Caucasian applicants cited animal ownership as a reason for pursuing a veterinary career. Many applicants did not cite a specific career path within veterinary medicine; applicants who indicated a career path most often cited veterinary practice. More females than males stated an interest in equine medicine, and more Caucasian applicants than URM applicants indicated an interest in mixed animal practice. More URM applicants than Caucasian applicants indicated a desire to pursue specialty training. Results suggested that veterinary practice experience and animal ownership were important factors influencing applicants' decision to pursue a veterinary career, but many applicants had not selected a specific career path. Opportunities exist to influence the decisions of individuals to become veterinarians and the selection of specific career paths within the veterinary profession.

Topical formulations with superoxide dismutase: influence of formulation composition on physical stability and enzymatic activity

The effect of emulsifiers, emulsion stabilizer (maltodextrin, MD), and β-cyclodextrin (BCD) on physical and oxidative properties of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions (5%, 20%, 40% of oil, w/w) was investigated. Four different emulsifiers were selected based on their structure: two types of protein-based emulsifiers (sodium caseinate, SC; and whey protein isolate, WPI), and two types low molecular weight emulsifiers (LMEWs: lecithin, LEC; and Citrem, CITREM). Physical and oxidative stability of emulsions prepared with these emulsifiers together with MD were compared based on their creaming index (CI), viscosity, droplet size, zeta potential, peroxide and p-anisidine values. LMWE-stabilized emulsions (with LEC or CITREM) had better creaming stability with lower droplet sizes whereas protein-stabilized emulsions (with SC or WPI) had higher viscosities. Droplet size was the lowest when CITREM was used, which increased with increasing oil concentration for all emulsifiers. Formulation with the lowest CI value and droplet size was considered to be more prone to oxidation; therefore, a 1:1 (w/w) combination of CITREM with BCD was used to stabilize the emulsions to improve the oxidative as well as physical stability. Added BCD significantly increased the storage stability of emulsions by reducing CI and droplet size values with a simultaneous increase in the viscosity, both at room temperature and at storage conditions (at 4 and 55 o C). However, the oxidative as well as physical stability of BCD added emulsions were not improved, neither toward heat- nor light-induced lipid oxidation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This work investigated the effects of emulsifiers and dextrins on the stability of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Both maltodextrin (MD) and β-cyclodextrin (BCD) addition resulted in enhanced physical stability, the latter being more effective. The findings can be applied to formulate emulsions with improved shelf life within the limits of allowed daily intake (ADI) level of BCD (5 mg/kg bw per day).

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves of Aglaonema commutatum Schott and its cultivars («Malay Beauty», «Silver Queen», and «Silver King») against Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™) strain. The leaves of Aglaonema commutatum plants and its cultivars, cultivated under glasshouse conditions, were sampled at M. M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden (NBG), National Academy of Science of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine). The leaves were brought into the laboratory for antimicrobial studies. Freshly sampled leaves were washed, weighed, and homogenized in 96% ethanol (in proportion 1:19) at room temperature. The extracts were then filtered and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™) strain was used in our study. Antimicrobial activities of various ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves of Aglaonema commutatum plants and its cultivars («Malay Beauty», «Silver Queen», and «Silver King») against Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™) strain was screened in the current study. The testing of the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was carried out in vitro by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The leaf extracts from A. commutatum «Silver Queen» and A. commutatum 'Silver King' exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the extracts from A. commutatum and A. commutatum «Malay Beauty». Maximum in vitro inhibition was scored by A. commutatum «Silver Queen», followed by A. commutatum «Silver King», A. commutatum, and A. commutatum «Malay Beauty». In particular, the leaf extracts from A. commutatum «Silver Queen» and A. commutatum 'Silver King' exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the extracts from A. commutatum and A. commutatum «Malay Beauty». Maximum in vitro inhibition was scored by A. commutatum «Silver Queen», followed by A. commutatum «Silver King», A. commutatum, and A. commutatum «Malay Beauty», which presented inhibition zones of (18.6±1.2) mm, (16.1±0.9) mm, (15.7±1.1) mm, and (13.5±1.0) mm, respectively. In the case of the positive controls, 96% ethanol possesses a mild anti-E. coli effect, which presented inhibition zones of (9.5±1.2) mm. The inhibition zone diameters were increased by 96% (p<0.05) for A. commutatum «Silver Queen», by 69 % (p<0.05) for A. commutatum «Silver King», by 65 % (p<0.05) for A. commutatum, and by 42 % (p<0.05) for A. commutatum «Malay Beauty». Thus, the use of these plants in traditional medicine and veterinary medicine was experimentally confirmed as a potential source of raw materials for the development of medicines in the future, as well as for the development of innovative feed for farm animals.

To evaluate the physical and chemical stability of cefepime (as the hydrochloride) 1 g/100 mL and 4 g/100 mL admixed in NaCl 0.9% injection and packaged in AutoDose Infusion System bags. Triplicate test samples of cefepime hydrochloride in NaCl 0.9% injection were packaged in ethylene vinyl acetate plastic containers, AutoDose bags, designed for use in the AutoDose Infusion System. Samples were stored protected from light and evaluated at appropriate intervals for up to 7 days at room temperature of approximately 23 degrees C and 30 days under refrigeration at 4 degrees C. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement, as well as visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed by HPLC. All of the admixtures were initially clear and light yellow when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity and particulate content were low initially but increased over time, eventually becoming a yellow or orange precipitate. The higher concentration precipitated earlier; refrigeration slowed precipitation for both test concentrations. HPLC analysis found that the 1-g/100 mL concentration maintained adequate stability for 2 days at 23 degrees C and up to 30 days at 4 degrees C. The 4-g/100 mL concentration maintained adequate stability for 1 day at room temperature and 7 days under refrigeration; however, unacceptable drug loss and precipitation developed after those time points. Cefepime hydrochloride exhibited physical and chemical stability consistent with previous stability studies. The AutoDose Infusion System bags were not found to affect adversely the physical and chemical stability of this drug.

Pemetrexed is a multitargeted, antifolate, antineoplastic agent that is indicated for single-agent use in locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer after prior chemotherapy and in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma not treatable by surgery. Currently, there is no information on the long-term stability of pemetrexed beyond 24 hours. To evaluate the longer-term physical and chemical stability of pemetrexed 2, 10, and 20 mg/mL in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags of dextrose 5% injection and NaCl 0.9% injection. Triplicate samples of pemetrexed were prepared in the concentrations and infusion solutions required. Evaluations for physical and chemical stability were performed initially and over 2 days at 23 degrees C protected from light and exposed to fluorescent light, and over 31 days of storage at 4 degrees C protected from light. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement as well as visual observation. Chemical stability was evaluated by HPLC. All pemetrexed solutions remained chemically stable, with little or no loss of pemetrexed over 2 days at 23 degrees C, protected from light and exposed to fluorescent light, and over 31 days of storage at 4 degrees C, protected from light. The room temperature samples were physically stable throughout the 48 hour test period. However, pemetrexed admixtures developed large numbers of microparticulates during refrigerated storage exceeding 24 hours. Pemetrexed is chemically stable for 2 days at room temperature and 31 days refrigerated in dextrose 5% injection and NaCl 0.9% injection. However, substantial numbers of microparticulates may form in pemetrexed diluted in the infusion solutions in PVC bags, especially during longer periods of refrigerated storage. Limiting the refrigerated storage period to the manufacturer-recommended 24 hours will limit particulate formation.

Palonosetron HCl is a selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist used for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Palonosetron HCl may be diluted in an infusion solution for administraton. Consequently, stability information is needed for palonosetron HCl admixed in common infusion solutions. To evaluate the physical and chemical stability of palonosetron HCl in concentrations of 5 and 30 microg/mL in dextrose 5% injection, NaCl 0.9% injection, dextrose 5% in NaCl 0.45% injection, and dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer's injection. Triplicate test samples of palonosetron HCl at each concentration in each diluent were tested. Samples were stored and evaluated at appropriate intervals for up to 48 hours at room temperature ( approximately 23 degrees C) and 14 days under refrigeration (4 degrees C). Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement, as well as visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed by HPLC. All of the admixtures were initially clear and colorless when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity and particulate content were low initially and remained low throughout the study. The drug concentration was unchanged in any of the samples at either temperature throughout the study. Palonosetron HCl is physically and chemically stable in all 4 common infusion solutions for at least 48 hours at room temperature and 14 days under refrigeration.