Abstract
In this research, we synthesize and characterize poly(glycerol sebacate) pre-polymer (pPGS) (1H NMR, FTiR, GPC, and TGA). Nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) is synthesized using the wet precipitation method. Next, the materials are used to prepare a PGS-based composite with a 25 wt.% addition of HAp. Microporous composites are formed by means of thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) followed by thermal cross-linking (TCL) and salt leaching (SL). The manufactured microporous materials (PGS and PGS/HAp) are then subjected to imaging by means of SEM and µCT for the porous structure characterization. DSC, TGA, and water contact angle measurements are used for further evaluation of the materials. To assess the cytocompatibility and biological potential of PGS-based composites, preosteoblasts and differentiated hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts are employed as in vitro models. Apart from the cytocompatibility, the scaffolds supported cell adhesion and were readily populated by the hFOB1.19 preosteoblasts. HAp-facilitated scaffolds displayed osteoconductive properties, supporting the terminal differentiation of osteoblasts as indicated by the production of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and osteopontin. Notably, the PGS/HAp scaffolds induced the production of significant amounts of osteoclastogenic cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which induced scaffold remodeling and promoted the reconstruction of bone tissue. Initial biocompatibility tests showed no signs of adverse effects of PGS-based scaffolds toward adult BALB/c mice.
Highlights
Introduction distributed under the terms andDue to their potential applications in regenerative medicine, biodegradable polymeric materials are becoming increasingly popular among researchers from around the world.There are numerous scientific articles on, e.g., polyester synthesis [1,2], physical modification [3,4] or formation [5,6,7]
In the poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)/HAp composite spectrum, there is a strong band related to the PO4 vibrations, related to phosphates in hydroxyapatite particles [47,48]
We successfully prepared a PGS modified with Hydroxyapatite (PGS/HAp) (75/25 wt. ratio) scaffold using thermally induced phase separation supported by thermal crosslinking and salt leaching
Summary
Due to their potential applications in regenerative medicine, biodegradable polymeric materials are becoming increasingly popular among researchers from around the world. PGS is considered an elastomeric material [19], which is another desirable property for biological applications and the formation of composites. In order to perform TIPS successfully, the solvent needs to be thermolabile to be subjected to freeze drying It must dissolve the polymer matrix, but must not affect the blowing agent; e.g., 1,4-dioxane will dissolve poly-L-lactide but will not dissolve salt (porogen) [7]. A 3D porous scaffold based on the PGS/HAp material and using the TIPS-TCL-SL method was obtained. This composite can be used as an innovative scaffold for bone tissue regeneration
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