Abstract
Abstract Pesticides are substances that are made to deliberately kill or deter species that humans have designated as pests. And, these organism‐killing substances are intentionally disseminated into the environment. Because of these rather unusual aspects, pesticide risk assessment is straightforward, yet, at the same time, complex. Pesticide risk assessment typically follows the well‐known steps in environmental risk assessment: problem formulation, hazard identification, dose–response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Additionally, assessments often rely on a tiered modeling approach extending from deterministic models (Tier 1) based on conservative assumptions to probabilistic models (Tier 4) using refined assumptions. Risk characterization often involves determining the joint probability of effect and exposure. A rich database of effect and exposure data for pesticides allows for risk assessments for many different human and ecological receptors; probabilistic assessments are thus becoming more common. Pesticide risk assessment continues to progress with changes in pesticide and risk assessment technologies.
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