Abstract
Since its first report in 1942, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) has caused several epidemics in a wide range of susceptible hosts around the world. In the last 30 years, the evidence of natural and experimental infections and virus isolation were reported from novel but unusual hosts such as camel, cattle, buffalo, dogs, Asiatic lion and pigs. In addition, PPRV in a potential vector, biting midges (Culicoides imicola), has been reported. Either presented as clinical and/or subclinical infections, the presence of the virus in an extended range of susceptible hosts highlights the cross-species transmission and supports the hypothesis of an endemic circulation of PPRV among susceptible hosts. However, the potential role of large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts for PPRV epidemiology is still obscure. Therefore, there is a need for molecular and epidemiological investigations of the disease among usual and unusual hosts to achieve the goals of disease control and eradication programmes initiated by national and international organisations, such as the FAO and OIE. This review is the first to summarise the scattered data on PPR in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts to obtain the global scientific communities’ attention for further research on epidemiological aspects, not only in its native hosts, but also in large ruminants, camels and other unusual hosts.
Highlights
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) caused by peste-despetits-ruminants virus (PPRV), is classified as an Office International des Epizooties (OIE)-listed Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD)
We have summarised the scattered data and listed the widening range of host species in which evidence of clinical and subclinical PPRV infection has been observed
These findings support the hypothesis of large ruminants being dead-end hosts for PPRV, (Agga et al 2019)
Summary
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) caused by peste-despetits-ruminants virus (PPRV), is classified as an Office International des Epizooties (OIE)-listed Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD). PPRV is classified as a Small ruminant morbillivirus and belongs to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae (Amarasinghe et al 2019) It has a close antigenic relationship with other viruses of the same genus, including rinderpest virus (RPV), measles virus (MV) and canine distemper viruses (CDV). These morbilliviruses have the propensity to cross species barriers, which highlights their potential towards inter-species transmission and novel host adaptation (Cosby 2012). It has been postulated that RPV crossed the species barrier into humans 1000–5000 years ago (Barrett 1999) Such evidence indicates the capability of morbilliviruses to cause infection by crossing species barriers from native to novel or unusual/atypical hosts.
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