Perspective-taking preserves the continuity of perpetration but disrupts victimization: the effect of perspective-taking on the association between bullying in adolescence and partner abuse in the college years

[ES] En esta investigación se presenta una revisión y un estudio sobre el maltrato y el\n\t\t\t\t bullying en la adolescencia. En ella se valoraron las formas en que puede presentarse el maltrato en esta etapa del desarrollo y las diferencias según el sexo y el curso escolar. Además se\n\t\t\t\t analizó la posible relación con otras variables como el gusto por la escuela, las relaciones con\n\t\t\t\t los iguales y la satisfacción vital de los adolescentes. Se compararon los resultados en función\n\t\t\t\t de si el adolescente era víctima o maltratador y se estudió la relación entre ser maltratador y\n\t\t\t\t ser víctima. El estudio se llevó a cabo con 1128 adolescentes escolarizados en 1º y 4º de ESO\n\t\t\t\t (media de edad: 14.4 años). Un 13% afirmaba haber sido maltratado, y un 21.2% haber participado en algún episodio de maltrato. Hay más maltrato en 1º de ESO que en 4º de ESO. El maltrato más frecuente era el verbal (28.5%); seguido de bulos y cotilleos con el fin de hacer daño (27.4%), siendo más frecuente en chicas; el maltrato social (ignoran, apartan) lo sufren el 18.4% de los encuestados sin diferencias por sexo; el maltrato físico lo sufren el 7.7% y de forma más acusada los chicos. Maltratadores y víctimas, en comparación con los demás, se sienten más tristes y consideran que su momento vital es peor. Los maltratadores se sienten menos aceptados y sienten que caen peor a los demás. A las víctimas les gusta menos la escuela. Se discuten las diferencias con otros estudios.\n\t\t\t\t [EN] A review and an analysis of peer abuse and bullying in adolescents were carried out for the purposes of this piece of research. An assessment was made of the ways peer abuse can be presented during this stage of human development, as well as the differences according to gender and school year. Additionally, the potential association with other variables was analysed such as school liking, the relationships with equals and the satisfaction of adolescents with life. The results were compared depending on whether the adolescent was a victim or a bully and the relationship between being a bully and being a victim was put under analysis. The study was carried out with 1,128 adolescents registered in the 1st and 4th years of obligatory secondary school (average age: 14.4 years old). 13% of the respondents stated that they had been bullied some time and 21.2% stated they had taken part in an episode of bullying. There is more bullying in the 1st year of obligatory secondary education than in the 4th year. The most frequent form of bullying was verbal (28.5%); followed by spreading lies and rumours with the intention of harming others (27.4%), which was more frequent amongst girls; social bullying (ignoring or excluding others) is suffered by 18.4% of the respondents with no gender difference; physical bullying is suffered by 7.7% and mostly amongst boys. Bullies and victims, compared to others, feel unhappier and think their moment in life is worse than mothers. Bullies feel less accepted and more disliked by others. Victims like school less than others. The differences with other papers are discussed here.

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of adolescents' initial drinking age and first smoking age on adolescents' drug abuse. Various prior studies have been conducted on violent delinquency such as school bullying in adolescents or status delinquency such as runaway, drinking, and smoking. However, there are relatively few previous studies on drug abuse in adolescents. Therefore, in this study, we would like to find out whether the causes of juvenile delinquency affect drug abuse, and in addition to this, we would like to analyze how the initial smoking and drinking age of adolescents affect. The survey data used for the analysis of this study are survey on ‘youth health behavior’. Secondary use of this data, an analysis is conducted on 54,848 adolescents. The SPSS 26.0 program was used to analyze the data. A T-test was conducted to identify the characteristics of the variables and analyze the relationship, and the causal relationship was verified through logistic regression analysis. Through this, we would like to identify the factors affecting drug abuse in adolescents and propose preventive measures related to this. The results of the study are summarized as follows. The lower the initial drinking age and the smoking age, the higher the possibility of drug abuse by 10.1% and 16.4%, respectively, and the lower the academic performance, the higher the possibility of drug abuse by 8.5%. These results are consistent with the results of previous studies that the earlier adolescents experience smoking, the more serious drug abuse becomes. Many previous studies have explained that adolescents' drinking and smoking do not end just in delinquency at that time, but lead to other problematic behaviors. However, if such misconduct leads to drug abuse, it should be considered a very serious problem. Drugs have characteristics that are difficult to escape on their own once they start. Therefore, a system that imposes an appropriate level of punishment on teenagers who purchase alcohol or cigarettes should be implemented, and it is necessary to prepare countermeasures such as rehabilitation treatment and pay attention.

ObjectiveChildhood sexual abuse and bullying (CSA/B) undermine adolescent and young-adult health worldwide. We quantified CSA/B-attributable mortality and disability globally across 204 countries and territories (1990–2021), with regional and national disaggregation.MethodsWe analysed the GBD 2021 dataset and applied the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate CSA/B-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by sex, age and Sociodemographic Index (SDI), summarising temporal trends using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).ResultsCSA/B-related deaths fell from 260 to 187 (–28 %), whereas DALYs rose from 2.54 million to 3.69 million (+45 %). The age-standardised mortality rate declined (EAPC –2.4 %), but the age-standardised DALY rate grew slightly (EAPC +0.5 %). Males carried higher absolute counts, yet females showed steeper DALY growth (+51 % vs +40 %). High-middle and middle-SDI regions achieved the greatest mortality reductions; deaths climbed 103 % and DALY rates 220 % in low-SDI areas. Anxiety accounted for most disability at 15–19 years, whereas depressive and alcohol-use disorders predominated at 20–24 years. Regionally, South Asia led deaths/DALYs, Australasia was lowest; Age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) peaked in Eastern Europe, age-standardised DALY rates (ASDR) in high-income North America; DALYs rose fastest in Western/Central/Eastern sub-Saharan Africa.ConclusionsFalling mortality alongside expanding disability reveals a widening survivorship gap driven by mental ill-health, particularly among young women in resource-poor settings. Age-specific, gender-responsive violence-prevention and mental-health services are urgently needed to stem the growing DALY burden and advance global AYA wellbeing.

College Sexual Assault: A Call for Trauma-Informed Prevention

BackgroundInternational research shows the significance and impact of intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) as a public health issue for young adults. There is a lack of qualitative research exploring pathways to IPVA.MethodsThe current mixed-methods study used qualitative interviews and analysis of longitudinal cohort data, to explore experiences of pathways to IPVA. Semi-structured Interviews alongside Life History Calendars were undertaken to explore 17 young women’s (19–25 years) experiences and perceptions of pathways to IPVA in their relationships. Thematic analysis was undertaken.Based on themes identified in the qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis was conducted in data from 2127 female and 1145 male participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort study. We fitted regression models to assess the association of child maltreatment, parental domestic violence, and peer-to-peer victimisation, by age 12, with loneliness during adolescence (ages 13–14), and the association of loneliness during adolescence with IPVA (age 18–21). Mediation analysis estimated the direct effects of maltreatment on IPVA, and indirect effects through loneliness.FindingsAll women interviewed experienced at least one type of maltreatment, parental domestic violence, or bullying during childhood. Nearly all experienced IPVA and most had been multi-victimised. Findings indicated a circular pathway: early trauma led to isolation and loneliness, negative labelling and being silenced through negative responses to help seeking, leading to increased experiences of loneliness and intensifying vulnerability to further violence and abuse in young adulthood. The pathway was compounded by intersectionality. Potential ways to break this cycle of loneliness included being heard and supported, especially by teachers.Quantitative analysis confirmed an association between child maltreatment and loneliness in adolescence, and an association between loneliness in adolescence and experience of IPVA in young adult relationships.ConclusionIt is likely that negative labelling and loneliness mediate pathways to IPVA, especially among more disadvantaged young women. The impact of early maltreatment on young people’s wellbeing and own relationships is compounded by disadvantage, disability and ethnicity. Participants’ resilience was enabled by support in the community.

BackgroundBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a severe mental health condition that requires intensive psychotherapeutic treatment. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a specialized treatment approach for BPD with broad empirical evidence. However, as with other disorder-specific treatments, the effect sizes of the standard DBT approach are only modest and access to treatment is limited. To enhance the efficacy of DBT, we developed an adaptation called Trauma-Focused DBT (TF-DBT), which is based on the principles, treatment modes, and functions of DBT. The goal was to (i) condense and accelerate the core therapeutic processes of DBT and (ii) expand therapeutic strategies for addressing BPD symptoms beyond Stage I of DBT (i.e., focusing on behavioral dyscontrol). TF-DBT adopts an accelerated experiential approach that is phase-based in its delivery. It emphasizes the processing of maladaptive emotions related to a wide range of developmental relational trauma (i.e., experiences of traumatic invalidation, emotional abuse, bullying, sexual abuse, or neglect in childhood or adolescence).AimThe primary aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of this novel DBT adaptation (TF-DBT) compared to standard DBT (S-DBT) as developed by M. Linehan. We hypothesize that TF-DBT is superior to S-DBT on all BPD symptom measures. A second aim of the study is to investigate the efficacy of the delivery format of both treatments (i.e., online vs. face-to-face), with the hypothesis that online therapy is non-inferior to face-to-face treatment.MethodsThis study will enroll N = 260 individuals diagnosed with BPD according to DSM-5. Participants will be randomly assigned to 12 months of outpatient TF-DBT or S-DBT in an online or face-to-face format.DiscussionThe expected results might help to improve psychotherapy efficacy for BPD. Additionally, they will improve our understanding of the efficacy of online-delivered DBT treatments which might contribute to facilitating access to treatment.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register: registration number DRKS00031808, date of registration 04 July 2023. WHO Universal Trial Number: U1111-1273-3381.

Sibling Abuse and Bullying in Childhood and Adolescence: Knowns and Unknowns

This is the first comprehensive national study reporting the rates of abuse, neglect, and bullying from family and classmates or teachers among Chinese transgender and gender-nonbinary adolescents and identifying risk factors associated with poor mental health in this population. To assess the rates of abuse, neglect, and bullying and their association with poor mental health among Chinese transgender and gender nonbinary adolescents. This national survey study used an online self-selecting survey conducted between January 1, 2017, and September 29, 2017, in China. Eligibility criteria included reporting being aged 12 to 18 years and being transgender or gender nonbinary. Data analysis was performed from March 25 to 28, 2019. The main outcome was self-reported poor mental health, including depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression 9-item scale. Anxiety symptoms were measured using the 7-item General Anxiety Disorder scale. Suicidal ideation was measured using standardized questions adapted from previous Chinese studies. Abuse, neglect, and bullying were measured using specifically designed questions. Of 564 responses collected, 385 respondents (mean [SD] age, 16.7 [1.2] years) met inclusion criteria, including 109 (28.3%) transgender adolescent boys, 167 (43.4%) transgender adolescent girls, and 109 (28.3%) gender-nonbinary adolescents. Among 319 respondents who reported that their parents were aware of their gender identity, 296 (92.8%) reported having experienced parental abuse or neglect. Among the full cohort, 295 respondents (76.6%) reported having experienced abuse or bullying owing to being transgender or gender nonbinary in school from classmates or teachers. There were 173 respondents (44.9%) with Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression 9-item scale scores indicating they were at risk of major depressive disorder, and 148 respondents (38.4%) had 7-item General Anxiety Disorder scale scores indicating they were at risk of an anxiety disorder. In univariate analysis, reporting experiences of bullying from a classmate or teacher was significantly associated with suicidal ideation (odds ratio, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.04-2.70]; P = .03), but the association was no longer statistically significant after controlling for level of educational attainment, aversion to assigned sex, and depressed mood at the onset of puberty (odds ratio, 1.63 [95% CI, 0.97-2.73]; P = .06). In this survey study, transgender and gender-nonbinary adolescents in China reported high rates of abuse, neglect, and bullying at home and in school and high rates of symptoms associated with poor mental health. This study highlights the importance of reducing home- and school-based abuse, neglect, and bullying of transgender and gender-nonbinary adolescents in China to improve mental health outcomes; however, broader change in the social environment may be required to address the prejudice and stigma aimed at gender minorities.

List of Contributors. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction (Christine Barter and David Berridge). Part I Peer Violence in Different Contexts. 2 Understanding Dimensions of 'Peer Violence' in Preschool Settings: An Exploration of Key Issues and Questions (Jane Brown). 3 Understanding Why Children and Young People Engage in Bullying at School (Helen Cowie). 4 Sibling Abuse and Bullying in Childhood and Adolescence: Knowns and Unknowns (Paul B. Naylor, Laurie Petch and Jenna V. Williams). 5 Young People, Gangs and Street-based Violence (Tara Young and Simon Hallsworth). 6 Peer Violence in Provision for Children in Care (Andrew Kendrick). Part II Different Forms of Peer Violence. 7 Young Men, Violence and Racism (Les Back). 8 A Thoroughly Gendered Affair: Teenage Partner Violence and Exploitation (Christine Barter). 9 Children and Young People with Harmful Sexual Behaviours (Simon Hackett). 10 Homophobia and Peer Violence (Ian Rivers). Part III Understanding Peer Violence. 11 Impact of Child Maltreatment and Domestic Violence (Veronica M. Herrera and Jeffrey Stuewig). 12 Media Representations of Youth Violence (Sharon L. Nichols). 13 Boys, Girls and Performing Normative Violence in Schools: A Gendered Critique of Bully Discourses (Jessica Ringrose and Emma Renold). Part IV Responding to Peer Violence. 14 Bullets, Blades and Mean Streets: Youth Violence and Criminal Justice Failure (Peter Squires and Carlie Goldsmith). 15 Delivering Preventive Programmes in Schools: Identifying Gender Issues (Nicky Stanley, Jane Ellis and Jo Bell). 16 Conclusion (David Berridge and Christine Barter). Index.

To determine the associations between abuse by an intimate partner and risk behaviors among adolescents and to determine whether these associations vary by gender. Ordinal and linear regression analyses of 1996 cross-sectional data from 4347 adolescents surveyed for wave 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health public use data set. A 5-point scale was used to measure whether the adolescent had been the victim of any of the following behaviors by an intimate partner: insulted in public, sworn at, threatened with violence, or had something thrown at them. Risk behavior involvement was determined using 5 measures: substance use, antisocial behavior, violent behavior, suicidal behavior, and depressed mood. There was no significant difference in the frequency of abuse by an intimate partner for males (21.0%) vs females (22.1%). In females, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and number of intimate partners, a history of abuse was significantly associated with substance use (values given as beta, 99% confidence interval) (0.87, 0.51-1.23), antisocial behavior (0.15, 0.10-0.20), violent behavior (0.06, 0.01-0.11), depressed mood (1.82, 1.21-2.43), and suicidal behavior (odds ratio, 1.37, 1.14-1.63). In males, abuse was independently associated with antisocial behavior (0.11, 0.03-0.19), violent behavior (0.09, 0.04-0.14), and depressed mood (1.29, 0.53-2.06). Abuse by an intimate partner had a significantly stronger association with substance use in females (0.87, 0.51-1.23) vs males (0.34, -0.09 to 0.77). Abuse by an intimate partner is common among adolescents and has strong associations with risk behaviors among male and female victims of abuse.

R., M. I.Editor(s): TEPLIN, STUART W. M.D., Editor; GRUS, CATHERINE L. Ph.D.; MACIAS, MICHELLE M. M.D.; REIFF, MICHAEL I. M.D. Author Information

Research shows Adolescent Intimate Partner Abuse (AIPA) is a widespread problem with potential to impact significantly upon wellbeing. This thesis aimed to further the existing body of knowledge from a psychologically orientated perspective. Section one presents a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies exploring young people’s experiences of the intersection between AIPA and new technologies. This followed the seven-step meta-ethnographic approach of Noblit and Hare (1988). Twelve eligible papers were identified that yielded three themes relating to technology as a platform for creating jealousy, and enabling the subsequent monitoring, and control of partners. Production of an overarching theme referring to technology and protection of ‘self-interests’ was enabled. Findings suggest technology represents a motivator and means for carrying out AIPA and that this occurs against a backdrop of adolescent development, including acquisition of gendered roles. Section two presents a descriptive study, employing semi-structured interviews, that set out to explore young people’s experiences of psychological wellbeing in relation to AIPA. Participants were sixteen young people, aged 13 to 17 years, who had encountered self- defined ‘difficulties’ within their relationships. Data gathered were analysed using thematic analysis, resulting in the emergence of three themes that, when viewed as a whole, suggested events surrounding abusive acts cause considerable negative emotional impact of an anxious nature, and technology is regarded as integral to how problems manifest, contributing a significant burden for mental health. Section three is an extended critique of the research paper, considering the role of personal positionality in shaping the research process and concluding that reflexivity in this area is of particular relevance to those working within caring professions and undertaking research. Taken together, the thesis offers insights relevant to practice, policy, and future research, including furthering of theory. Clinical psychologists are well positioned to implement and further these findings within their practice and wider activities.