Perspective Chapter: Role of Probiotics in the Intestinal Ecosystem and the Immune System

Abstract

The microbial colonizers of the intestine, collectively known as microbiota, are an essential and irreplaceable component of the human organism. They provide valuable functions and genetic resources (the microbiome) and play a critical role in various physiological processes, including somatic development, nutrition, and immunity. Maintaining intestinal homeostasis requires a delicate balance between the diverse array of microorganisms within the intestinal microbiota and the host cells, all within an environment constantly influenced by numerous stimuli from both external and internal sources. Disruption of this balance, known as dysbiosis, is characterized by reduced microbial diversity and deviation from the ancestral microbial environment. Dysbiosis is linked to several chronic non-communicable diseases prevalent in developed societies, such as atopic conditions, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and certain behavioral disorders. The increasing focus on the intestinal microbiota and its interaction with the immune system has spurred the development of new strategies to maintain intestinal balance and enhance overall health. Among these approaches, dietary interventions involving probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics hold significant promise for providing substantial health benefits to consumers.