Persepsi Hubungan dengan Orangtua terhadap Internalizing dan Externalizing Problems Remaja

BackgroundWhile triple anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has improved HIV-infected children surviving into adolescence and adulthood, these children remain vulnerable to HIV-related psychological disturbance due to both the direct HIV infection effects on the brain and indirect effects related to coping with a range of medical, psychological and social stresses associated with HIV, which makes it vital to identify their mental health needs. This study assessed the emotional and behavioural challenges of HIV perinatally infected children and adolescents with a completed disclosure process attending “ART teen club” in Malawi.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study design was conducted to obtain quantitative descriptive descriptions of emotional and behavioural challenges among HIV-infected children and adolescents between 10 and 22 years of age. They were interviewed on their family socio-demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics as well as emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer and prosocial problems using the Chichewa version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and logistic regression.ResultsBased on the four-band categorization of the SDQ, higher scores for total difficulties score were observed in 72.9% of the children. According to the subscales of the SDQ, results show that children had higher scores in peer problems (62.8%), emotional (68.2%), conduct (68.6%) and prosocial (57.8%) subscales while lower scores were identified in the hyperactivity (16.6%) subscale. Results show that within each level, males are having lower frequencies as compared to females. Results from multivariate binary logistic regression indicate that those with a single parent or not as well as the WHO HIV clinical stage had an impact on the mental health status of the children. Children who do not have a single parent (AOR 3.404; 95% CI:1.563–7.416, p = 0.002) had 3.404 odds of having abnormal mental health status unlike those children with a single parent and children who were in WHO HIV clinical stage 2 (AOR 2.536; 95% CI:1.005–6.395, p = 0.049) or 3 and 4 (AOR 8.459; 95% CI:1.5.820-10.544, p < 0.001) had more odds of having the mental disorder as compared with those children in WHO HIV clinical stage 1.ConclusionThe findings of this research underscore the multifaceted nature of mental well-being among children and adolescents living with HIV. Elevated scores in total difficulties, emotional, conduct, and peer problems signify areas of concern, while disparities in hyperactivity and prosocial behavior highlight the nuanced nature of their behavioral challenges. Recognizing the inadequacy of a one-size-fits-all approach, the research emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive strategy, incorporating factors like religious background, family structure, and clinical HIV stage. Furthermore, the role of “ART teen clubs” in this context is pivotal. Beyond addressing identified risk factors, these clubs must actively foster resilience. Creating an inclusive environment, tapping into individual strengths, and nurturing a sense of community are vital components. By adopting such a holistic approach, Teen support clubs can significantly contribute to the overall mental well-being of adolescents living with HIV, enabling them to navigate challenges effectively and thrive amidst their circumstances.

Using a person-centred approach, this study inspected multi-trajectories of conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention and peer problems, and associated risk factors for group membership. The sample included 3,578 children (50.8% males) from a population birth cohort in Scotland (Growing Up in Scotland). The parental version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used when children were 4, 5, 6, 7, and 10 years old. Antecedent factors at the perinatal, child, and family levels were collected using parental reports, observation, and standardised assessments at 10, 24, and 36 months. A group-based multi-trajectory analysis was employed. Findings showed that a six-group model best fit the data. Identified groups included non-engagers, normative, decreasing externalising/low peer problems, low externalising/moderate peer problems, moderate externalising/increasing peer problems and multimorbid moderate-high chronic. Findings suggest multimorbidity between externalising behaviours and peer problems in the more elevated groups. Two common protective factors emerged across all groups: caregiver mental health and parent-infant attachment. Identified risk factors were specific to group membership. Risk factors for the most elevated group included single-parent status, social deprivation, previous neonatal intensive care unit admission, child sex, whilst children’s expressive language was a protective factor. Taken together, findings contribute to the emerging literature modelling trajectories of externalising behaviours and peer problems simultaneously and have important practical implications for prevention of problems in childhood, by identifying targets at the perinatal, child, and family levels.

Pregnancy is usually a God blessings and welcome development when it occurs at the appropriate time during wedlock and among couples in marriage. On the contrary, it may trigger a serious health, social and economic consequences if it occurs unintended, outside of wedlock or during the adolescent’s secondary schools. The study explored prevalence of unintended pregnancy among female adolescents in Anambra State: Its Risk and Protective Factors. This was cross-sectional quantitative survey research design conducted among 240 female adolescents/adults in Anambra state. A semi structured questionnaire using purposive/ convenience sampling was the instrument and sampling method used for data collection. The analysis of data was done using mean (x) and standard deviation to answer the research questions, and t-test statistics to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The results shows that the prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 12.0%. Poverty level (3.70), Pressure from peers to have sex” (3.60), Poor parental supervision (2.09) were the risk factors. The protective factors amongst others were that parents should be educated through seminars on the importance of discussing sexuality and the dangers of premarital sex with their children especially the females (98.3%). The findings underscore the need for proper education and parental intervention of the female adolescents and as well increased awareness on the use of contraceptive, so as to bridge the large gap of unmet need.

Pregnancy is usually a God blessings and welcome development when it occurs at the appropriate time during wedlock and among couples in marriage. On the contrary, it may trigger a serious health, social and economic consequences if it occurs unintended, outside of wedlock or during the adolescent’s secondary schools. The study explored prevalence of unintended pregnancy among female adolescents in Anambra State: Its Risk and Protective Factors. This was cross-sectional quantitative survey research design conducted among 240 female adolescents/adults in Anambra state. A semi structured questionnaire using purposive/ convenience sampling was the instrument and sampling method used for data collection. The analysis of data was done using mean (x) and standard deviation to answer the research questions, and t-test statistics to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The results shows that the prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 12.0%. Poverty level (3.70), Pressure from peers to have sex” (3.60), Poor parental supervision (2.09) were the risk factors. The protective factors amongst others were that parents should be educated through seminars on the importance of discussing sexuality and the dangers of premarital sex with their children especially the females (98.3%). The findings underscore the need for proper education and parental intervention of the female adolescents and as well increased awareness on the use of contraceptive, so as to bridge the large gap of unmet need.

PurposeTo describe the psychosocial protective and risk factors for perinatal mental health identified in a sample of Aboriginal women’s Kimberley Mum’s Mood Scale (KMMS) assessments and explore the role of these factors in their screening assessment and diagnostic outcome.MethodsWe used a mixed methods approach to retrospectively analyse a cross-sectional study dataset of 91 completed KMMS assessments. This included: categorising the clinical notes from the KMMS psychosocial yarn into ‘risk’ and ‘protective’ factors and describing these categories, describing the number and type of risk and protective factors associated with different KMMS risk assessment categories (no, low, medium, high), and exploring relationships between these risk and protective factors and diagnosis of perinatal depression and/or anxiety.ResultsProtective factors were recorded for the vast majority of the women; the most prominent was positive family relationships. When protective and risk factors were stratified by KMMS risk category, women in the higher risk group less commonly had specific protective factors (11–33% high vs 61–100% no risk) and more commonly had risk factors (22–67% high vs 6–28% no risk) than women with lower KMMS assessed risk. The average number of protective factors decreased with increasing KMMS risk category (4.9 ± 1.1 to 1.6 ± 1.3), with the inverse pattern for risk factors (1.1 ± 1.1 to 3.8 ± 1.0). Having protective factors also appeared to reduce the risk of developing clinical depression or anxiety.ConclusionAssessing protective factors in mental health screening for perinatal Aboriginal women increases the effectiveness of screening and provides a foundation for the delivery of local structured psychosocial care.

Adolescents are at risk in experiencing mental health problems if the risk factors owned are more than the protective factors. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of Mental Health nursing promotive and preventive models on protective factors, risk factors and Adolescents' Mental Health. This research was with quasi-experiment, design employed randomization control group pre and post-test design conducted on 240 adolescents, which was divided into both groups equally. The study found that protective factors (self-esteem, family relationship, and prosocial ability) has increased after intervention model by 10.2%; 4.4%; 15.7%, respectively, risk factors (bullying behavior, anxiety, emotional problems, behavioral problems, and peer problems) has decreased after the intervention model by 9.8%; 26.1%; 25.9%; 17.5%; 22.4%, respectively. The model also increased the adolescents' mental health after intervention model by 14.9%. The mental health nursing promotive and preventive model is effective to increase the mental health of adolescents by 21.3%. Mental health nursing' promotive and preventive model could be used as basic needs to implement early detection regarding mental health of adolescents in the UKS scope and involving teachers' role, as well as parents in maintaining mental health.

BackgroundType 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease mainly diagnosed in children and adolescents. It has multiple psychiatric comorbidities. Our aim in this study was to determine the prevalence of psychological and behavioral problems in children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and to find if there is a strong correlation between these problems and different epidemiological- and disease-related factors such as age of the child, duration of diabetes, and other risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study and compared between 564 children diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 1 (who attended Specialized Health Insurance Clinic in Sohag City, Upper Egypt, during the year 2018/2020) and 564 non-diabetic children matched with the diabetic children for age, sex, and socio-economic status. We used “Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)” to screen for behavioral, social, and emotional problems in diabetic and control children. “SDQ” is a 25-item brief behavioral screening questionnaire that consists of five subscales which are emotional problems, hyperactivity-inattention problems, conduct problems, peer problems, and prosocial behavior subscales. It generates total score and individual score for each subscale.ResultsIn our study, we found that diabetic children had significantly higher prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems than control children (92.37% of diabetic children versus 20.2% of control children had abnormal total SDQ score with P value < 0.001). All subscales of SDQ except prosocial subscale were significantly affected in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus than control children with P value < 0.001. Certain factors were significantly associated with impaired subscales of SDQ scale. We found a positive correlation between age and emotional, hyperactivity and conduct problems as these problems were more frequent in older children. Female children had more hyperactivity and conduct problems than male children (68.6%, 71.7% vs. 58.0%, 62.0%, P 0.002 and 0.003, respectively) while male children were more affected by emotional problems than female children (68% vs. 57.4%, P 0.003). Peer problems were more prevalent in children of parents with higher educational level. Children with positive family history of diabetes were less affected by emotional problems than children with negative family history (50% vs.64.3%, P 0.04). Longer duration of disease was associated with increased prevalence of peer and emotional problems. Poor control of diabetes increased the prevalence of conduct and emotional problems (P 0.007 and 0.022, respectively).ConclusionChildren with type 1 diabetes mellitus have more emotional, hyperactivity, conduct, and peer problems than non-diabetic children. These findings indicate a need to screen diabetic children and adolescents for behavioral and emotional problems and treat these problems if found.

Symptoms characteristic of autism spectrum disorder were initially believed to protect individuals with autism spectrum disorder from developing substance abuse. However, recent studies suggest that up to 36% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder may have a co-occurring issue with substance abuse. In addition, substance abuse may worsen the difficulties with daily functioning some individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience. It is important to understand occurrence rates, and risk, protective and positive treatment factors of co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and substance abuse in order to promote the best possible support for this special population. This review aimed to find and synthesize evidence regarding risk, protective and treatment factors, and determine a general prevalence rate of co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and substance abuse from all studies on substance use and abuse in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The review also aimed to assess study quality and identify a diagnostic measure for substance abuse in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Twenty-six studies on substance use and abuse in autism spectrum disorder were included in the review. The rates of substance abuse among those with autism spectrum disorder identified by included studies ranged from 1.3% to 36%, but due to large differences in study methods, a general prevalence rate could not be determined. Risk and protective factors, recognized in the general population, such as familial substance abuse and co-occurring mental health issues, and factors which may be more likely to occur in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, such as limited social resources and low sensation-seeking, were identified. No diagnostic measures specific to individuals with autism spectrum disorder and substance abuse were identified. This review identified only one exploratory study on an adapted intervention for co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and substance abuse. However, there were many methodological challenges in this study that limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the data. More research, using consistent methods, is needed to understand risk and protective factors and to determine the prevalence of substance abuse among individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The potential for co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and substance abuse should be considered by professional working in both autism spectrum disorder and substance abuse services, as finding suggests substance abuse is possible among individuals with autism spectrum disorder and may occur more frequently than previously believed. In addition, autism spectrum disorder and substance abuse service providers should be sensitive to specific risk and protective factors identified by the review that may impact substance abuse course and outcomes.

Guided by a resilience framework, this study examines the accumulation of risk and protective factors, as well as the potential buffering effects of protective factors on mental distress among female military spouses. Most research with this population has focused on individual risk factors affecting military spouses. Less frequently have the effects of cumulative risk, risk factors not specifically associated with military service, or protective factors been examined, though there is evidence for their importance. This study used secondary survey data from 334 female Army spouses collected in 2012 as part of the Land Combat Study 2. Cumulative risk and protective factor scores as well as scores within risk (intrapersonal, family, and military-specific) and protective (individual and environmental) factor domains were calculated. Four structural equation models were run to examine main and interaction effects on mental distress, a latent variable representing depression, anxiety, and trauma symptoms. In cumulative risk and protective factor models, cumulative risk was directly, positively associated with mental distress. This relationship was moderated by cumulative protection. In domain-specific models, only family risk was directly associated with mental distress. This relationship was moderated by environmental protective factors. Findings indicate mental distress among military spouses is associated with exposure to cumulative risk and attenuated by the presence of certain domains of protective factors. Family risk factors including marital distress and work-family conflict may be particularly pernicious stressors, but informal and structural supports may be important targets for prevention and intervention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This article examines a model in which protective factors are expected to reduce the impact of economic, family, and community risk factors on parental well-being. Parental well-being, marital happiness, and parents' community resources are expected to show positive relationships to parenting behavior. The model is tested through an analysis of data from parents and adolescents and interviewed for the National Commission on Children 1990 Survey of Parents and Children. The results indicate that, although risk factors are negatively related to parental well-being, the protective factors do not buffer these relationships. However, two protective factors, marital happiness and perceived school environment, are positively related to parental well-being. These factors reveal independent compensatory effects on parental well-being, rather than buffering or protective effects. Parental well-being, marital happiness, and parents' community resources show modest positive relationships to nurturing and supportive parenting behavior. Key Words: community resources, parental well-being, parenting behavior, protective factors, risk factors. In recent years, researchers have proposed a model in which parental well-being influences parenting behavior, which, in turn, affects adolescent wellbeing. Although a great deal of research has investigated relationships between parenting behavior and adolescent well-being, studies of the determinants of parenting practices and behavior are relatively limited. In addition, some possible influences on parenting behavior, such as school and neighborhood environments, have been neglected. This article examines a model that integrates the ecological systems model of human development with the analysis of risk and protective factors. In this model, we expect protective factors to reduce the impact of economic, family, and community risk factors on parental well-being. We expect parental well-being, marital happiness, and parents' community resources to show positive relationships to nurturing and supportive parenting behavior among parents of adolescents aged 10-17. Several researchers using an ecological approach have considered risk and protective factors in relation to adolescent well-being. However, these concepts also may be useful for the analysis of parenting behavior. Recent studies of the determinants of parenting behavior have used a framework based on stress, support, and coping (Belsky, 1984; Conger & Elder, 1994; Simons, Beaman, Conger, & Chao, 1993; Simons, Lorenz, Wu, & Conger, 1993). Haggarty, Sherrod, Garmezy, and Rutter (1994) document the transition from the analysis of stress and coping to a framework using the concepts of risk and protective factors. These concepts have advanced the analysis of stressmoderating processes (Gore & Eckenrode, 1994). Risk factors are conditions or variables associated with compromised health, well-being, or social performance. Protective factors, such as dispositional attributes, family milieu, or the extrafamilial social environment, decrease the likelihood of such negative outcomes. Protective factors reflect positive mechanisms or processes that reduce the effects of negative processes associated with risk factors (Garmezy, 1985; Jessor, 1992; Jessor, Van Den Bos, Vanderryn, Costa, & Turbin, 1995). A strict definition of protective factors requires that they buffer or reduce the effects of risk factors on outcomes (Rutter, 1987). This approach is followed in Jessor's (1992) conceptual framework for adolescent risk behavior and health-compromising outcomes, which includes risk and protective factors in the areas of biology, social environment, perceived environment, personality, and behavior. (See Jessor et al., for empirical support of this approach.) When variables decrease the likelihood of negative outcomes independently of risk factors, they often are referred to as independent compensatory factors. …

본 연구는 청소년의 위험 및 보호요인과 스트레스 그리고 행복감과의 관계를 알아보고, 청소년의 위험 및 보호요인과 행복감의 관계에서 스트레스의 매개효과를 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 초ㆍ중ㆍ고등학교에 재학 중인 청소년 806명을 대상으로 위험요인 및 보호요인척도, 스트레스척도,행복감척도를 사용하여 자료를 수집하였고 t검증, F검증, 위계적 회귀분석, 매개효과 검증을 실시하였다. 연구결과를 정리하면 첫째, 고등학생의 행복감이 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 학업성적이 좋고, 부모님과 함께살고, 월평균 소득수준이 높을수록 행복감이 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 위험요인과 스트레스는 행복감과 부적 상관을 보이고 있으며, 보호요인은 행복감과 정적 상관을 보였다. 셋째, 위험요인이 행복감에 유의한 부적영향(설명량 42.7%)을 미치고 있으며, 보호요인은 행복감에 유의한 정적영향(58.4%)을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 위험요인 중에서 개인위험요인, 가족위험요인, 또래위험요인, 학교위험요인 순으로 행복감이 낮게 나타났으며, 보호요인 중에서 개인보호요인, 가족보호요인, 학교보호요인 순으로 행복감이 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 청소년의 위험 및 보호요인과 행복감 간의 관계에서 스트레스의 매개효과가 있는지를 살펴본 결과 위험 및 보호요인이 행복감에 직접적인 영향을 미치면서, 스트레스를 통한 부분 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.The purpose of this study is to examine relationships between risk or protection factors and happiness in adolescents, and so analyze the mediating effects of stress on relationships between risk or protection factors and happiness in adolescents. For this purpose, using risk factor and protection factor scales, stress scales, and happiness scales, this study conducted t-test, F-test, hierarchical regression analysis, and mediating effects over the subjects of 806 adolescents attending elementary, middle, and high schools. The results of this study are as follows. First, high school students’ happiness was the lowest. In addition, if academic achievements were better and students lived with their parents and average monthly incomes were higher, happiness was higher. Second, risk factors and stress were negatively correlated with happiness, whereas protection factors were positively correlated with happiness. Third, risk factors had significant negative effects on happiness (explanatory power = 42.7%) as well as protection factors had significant positive effects on happiness (explanatory power = 58.4%). Especially, among risk factors, individual risk factors, family risk factors, peer risk factors, and school risk factors had lower effects on happiness in order. In contrast, among protection factors, individual protection factors, family protection factors, and school protection factors had higher effects on happiness in order. Fourth, according to the results of examining whether stress had mediating effects on relationships between risk or protection factors and happiness, risk and protection factors had direct effects on happiness as stress had partial mediating effects.

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparative influences of various protective and risk factors on the alcohol-related problems of a sample of university students. The conceptualization of these protective and risk factors in the current undertaking was informed by problem behavior theory, and draws heavily on two sociological theories of deviant behavior (social learning theory and social bond theory). A questionnaire containing indicators measuring various protective and risk factors, as well as various alcohol-related problems, were administered to a sample of 1,459 students from four colleges and universities. The results indicated that both risk and protective factors were associated with alcohol-related problems in this sample. However, risk factors explain a far greater amount of variance in these problems. Implications for campus programming designed to reduce alcohol-related problems are discussed.

Introduction: In the last decades, the areas of criminal recidivism and risk assessment have been gaining prominence in the scientific community [1]. The literature confirms we must assess the risk and protective factors to know how to intervene with those who are serving prison sentences [2]. It also points to the importance of certain variables such as age [3] and criminal versatility [4]. The main goals of this study are to characterize the risk and protective factors of a sample of prison inmates; to verify the association between the risk, current age and age at the time of the first arrest; and to analyse the differences in the risk according to criminal versatility. Materials and methods: The current study has an exploratory, quantitative and comparative design, with a non-probability convenience sample composed by 73 male inmates, who have more than one conviction leading to imprisonment. For data collection we used the Historical, Clinical and Risk Management Scheme [5] (HCR-20) and the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk [6] (SAPROF), as well as a form to assess age and criminal versatility. The investigation was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fernando Pessoa University, as well as by both the General Management of Social Reintegration and Prison Services and Setúbal’s prison establishment. Results: The results point to a high risk of recidivism among inmates (low risk - 15.1%; medium risk – 43.8% and high risk – 41.1%). There are some risk factors prominently present in the sample, such as previous violence, substance abuse, impulsiveness and negative attitudes. The absence of certain protective factors such as empathy, adaptative coping, self-control and motivation for treatment can also be noted. No association could be found between the inmates’ current age and risk (r=−.18, p=.13), but we confirmed a negative association between age at first arrest and risk (r=−.34, p=.00). The were no statistically significant differences between the means of the criminal versatility groups for risk [F(2.69) = 2.92, p=.06], but a negative association could be found between criminal versatility and risk (r=−.28, p=.02). Discussion and conclusions: Although most of the participants have a high or medium risk of recidivism, their risk factors and absent protective factors are mostly dynamic, leading us to the conclusion that intervention in these cases would lower the risk. The negative association between age at first arrest and risk, as well as the negative association between criminal versatility and risk are supported by the previous literature. Age and criminal versatility are two factors that deserve to be studied in future works. The present investigation raises some serious questions about the rehabilitative work that can be done in prison establishments.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted nurses, exposing them to challenges that have affected their overall well-being. Most nurses have experienced psychosocial problems, including anxiety. This study aims to identify the protective and risk factors associated with anxiety among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review was used as a method in this study. Eight databases were used Science Direct, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, Taylor &amp; Francis, and JSTOR. The literature search was conducted using keywords derived from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) framework. The search terms included: Nurses OR "staff nurses" OR "healthcare professionals", AND "factors associated with anxiety" OR "risk factors" OR "protective factors", AND "COVID-19" OR "COVID-19 pandemic". The data were further analyzed by critically assessing the quality of the articles using the JBI and CASP checklists. The research articles included in the review were cross-sectional studies published between 2020 and 2022, written in English, available in full text, and specifically focused on protective and risk factors for anxiety. A risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment checklist. A total of 33 articles were reviewed, revealing two primary themes of protective and risk factors: internal and external factors. Internal factors included variables such as age and gender, while external factors encompassed aspects such as hospital status. Based on the findings, it is recommended that hospitals implement mental health and psychosocial support interventions as promotive and preventive efforts to improve the nurses' psychological well-being.

Background COVID-19 had a considerable impact on the mental and physical health of youth. To limit the impact of this crisis on their health, resilience was required. This study aims to discover how resilient, in terms of mastery, emotional reactivity and social support, groups of youth with different SES were during COVID-19, and what risk and protective factors they experienced. Methods Two qualitative datasets were analyzed. One dataset included 10 interviews of university students during April-May 2020, and the other dataset included 8 interviews with pre-vocational secondary education adolescents during October 2021 to March 2022. Interviews were held in person or online. Data were analyzed with thematic analysis in Atlas.ti. Results In general, university students displayed resilience despite the tumultuous beginning of the pandemic, and their mental and physical health was positive. Protective factors that helped them during COVID-19 were spending time with friends and family, being healthy and having a healthy lifestyle, and being able to avoid stressful situations. Risk factors that impacted their resilience were loneliness, COVID-19 anxiety, and missing stability and routine. Adolescents receiving pre-vocational secondary education showed mixed resilience later in the COVID-19 period, and they made negative observations about their health. Protective factors that helped them were achieving good results in school, hobbies, and avoiding stressful situations. Risk factors they experienced were lack of motivation and having difficulties at school. They experienced worry about school progress during COVID-19. Conclusions University students and lower educated adolescents seemed to have differing resilience during the impactful stages of COVID-19, possibly due to differences in their psychological development. To protect their well-being, it is important that policy makers consider the protective and risk factors that impact the health of youth during crises. Key messages • Resilience differs among the two different age groups and education levels. • Policy makers should consider the protective and risk factors that impact the health of youth during crises.